OJEOpen Journal of Ecology2162-1985Scientific Research Publishing10.4236/oje.2014.49048OJE-47402ArticlesEARTH & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESBIOMEDICAL & LIFE SCIENCESAn Exploration on the Effective Factors of Tourism Industry on Protection of the Environment in the Historical City GhoumasHoomanMesgarian1*LeiliAlaei2Department of Geography, Islamic Azad University, Semnan Branch, Semnan, IranDepartment of Geography, Islamic Azad University, Semnan Branch, Member of Young Researchers Elite Club, Semnan, Iran* E-mail:mesgarian.eng@gmail.com(HM);09062014040958258914 April 201420 May 2014 4 June 2014© Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

According to the world tourism organization (WHO) in 2005, the number of tourists has increased up to 36 times. In a way that it has maximized from 25 million in 1950 to 1018 million in 2010. The sustainable tourism, thus, because of making a balance between different environmental, economic, cultural and social dimensions of the tourism development, plays a considerable role in protection of species diversity, and benefits the tourism activists in order to reduce its destructive impact on the environment and the local cultures and being kept for the future generations. Accordingly, the present research first examines the relationship between tourism, sustainable development and the ecology, for measurement of different aspects of the industry effect on the environment. Secondly, the present study uses from some parameters like the average monthly minimum and maximum temperatures, the average relative humidity, the average maximum and minimum temperatures in day and at night in the Semnan station as well as using the common diagram in the experimental methods like Olegi to assess day and night Climatourism in the region. Finally, on the basis of the performed analysis, the strengths and weak points of tourist attractions for the protection of the environment are considered.

Climatourism Semnan Sustainable Development The Environment Tourism1. Introduction of the Study Region

The city Semnan is located between three cities of Damghan, Garmsar, and Mehdishahr at longitude 53 degrees and 23 minutes and at latitude 35 degrees and 34 minutes. The average height above sea level is 1130 m. The distance to the city Tehran is 216 km, and it is connected to the transcontinental railroad Tehran-Mashhad [12] . The climate in summer is hot and dry and winter is relatively cold. Rainfall occurs in the cold season and the average annual rainfall is 140 mm. The average annual temperature is 7.17˚C, while the absolute maximum temperature is 5.44˚C and absolute minimum is −4.6˚C. The seasonal river of Roudbar is located on northwest of the city that originates from the Alborz mountains and crosses the city Mehdishahr puts into Dasht-e Kavir [13] . Location in respect other cities is shown in Figure 3.

2.4. Tourist Attractions of the Region

As a historical city, Semnan is located on the road to the famous Silk-Road and has lots of historical and cultural attractions represent the rich culture and ancient history in the region. Of the most significant attractions are Darband cave, the historical house of Tadayon, the Rajabi house, Pahneh bath that has been used as museum currently, historical timcheh of Pahneh, the Arg gate, the great mosque, the Imam mosque. and the Imam mosque. Some historical and cultural elements of the city Semnan is referred in Table 1.

3. Analysis Climate Tourism (Climatourism) of Semnan

One of the most significant factors in relation to standards of a good life is taking into consideration the quality of comfort properties in the place. The human ecology depends greatly to the thermal equilibrium of man’s body temperatures with the environment temperature. The ecological comfort equilibrium happens only when the balance between absorption and desorption temperature of the skin and surrounding environment is created and makes Ronnie body temperature fix at 37˚C [13] . To assess these indexes, the data of years 1982-2004 were extracted from the synoptic station of the city Shown in Table 2.

3.1. The Gioni Diagram

In 1969 Gioni introduced the bioclimatic diagram of buildings. This diagram clearly shows the comfort zone of the man in relation to humidity and temperature. In fact, different buildings and living in the, do not provide comfort in a way that the comfort conditions inside the building is measured via a diagram named eco-building. For instance, the results of computations indicate that in March during the day time buildings are heated via sun temperature, but in at night there is no need to heating instruments [14] . Other results are shown in Figure 4.

3.2. Olegi Comfort Diagram

Using the climate comfort diagram (Olegi), it would be possible to determine duration of annual cold and heat of different cities and regions and to see how much extreme the thermal conditions of different areas are. Then through these results we can specify a mechanical system and rate of the need each residential building may have in terms of humidity, heat and cold air [15] . Other results are shown in figure 5.

4. Conclusion

In Semnan, proper conditions are available for use of natural energy to provide climate comfort and through

Geographical location of Semnan city

Table 1

. historical and cultural elements of the city Semnan

Tourist attractions of SemnanMosques
Mosque Zavqan-Imam (Shah) Mosque-Semnan minaret of the grand mosqueGovernment sites and castles
Gate of Semnan citadel-building capital (Aboozar Field)-Zavqan castle-ancient fortress, fort-Fort parchmentCaravanserais
Yahya ibn Musa al Shrine-Shrine of Ali ibn Ja’far-Shrine of Ali ibn Ashraf-Sir Sar Tomb-Tomb of the ProphetsShrines
Hakim Elahi-Pir Najmuddin-Darvish MahmoudTomb
Grand market of Semnan-Sheikh Alaa al Doleh MarketMarkets
Across bath-bath Nasar-Bath GhelliBath

proper designing of direction and intensity of sun light, type of materials, efficient use of windows etc. create appropriate use of natural energies and prevention from waste of energy and decrease of costs related to the heat and cold. The equilibrium state of ecological comfort occurs only when the balance between absorption and de-

Table 2

. Architecture compatible with climate condition for the gioni index

Architecture rulingsegment
Thermal exchange must be reduced through building walls1-3,8-251
To prevent from air penetration from windows and inconvenient joints.1-3,22-252
Sun heat must be minimized as much as possible4-253
The sun heat must be exploited.1-34
The cross ventilation (curran) have to used for rooms.8-135
Cooling due to evaporation of surface18-20,15-16,13,9-106
Using cooling from long wave radiation-induced wall heat12-19,9-107
Using from mechanical cooling system21-238
Using from mechanical cooling system and dehumidifier229
Prevent sunlight from entering the building4-2510
Table 3

. Comfort and tourism conditions in Semnan

Comfort conditions of tourism and ecology protectionMonthNo.
In March there is no need to use of fossil energy and there is comfort inside and outside the buildings, therefore it is a good time for tourism in harmony with the environment.April1
During day there is no need for heating, the comfort is possible and use of natural ventilation is good. Somewhat appropriate for tourism, taking into account the requirements and installations is proper.May2
In June the need for fossil fuel and produce no pollution and natural conditions for tourism is in harmony with the environmentJune3
July4
In August, the energy required to cool the air at night is not on iodine physical tools used in creating comfort and energy consumptionAugust5
September6
On the use of natural ventilation air can be brought into the comfort zone, and at night there is no need to heating appliances.October7
In most cases, using the sun's heat can be secured from the house, but at night it can be used to heat items. In late November, the comfort zone is located in tourism due to fossil fuel use and energy use will be in harmony with the environmentDecember8
There was a sense of comfort and indoor use heat sources are necessary. Outside of the building is very cold weather and atmospheric conditions governing tourism facilities and no visit would beNovember9
There was a sense of comfort and indoor use heat sources are necessary. There are therefore fossil fuel consumption and pollution in the environment. Very cold air outside buildings and tourist facilities and no visit would be the dominant atmospheric conditions.January10
There was a sense of comfort and indoor use heat sources are necessary. Exploitation of fossil fuels and energy this month is high and will cause pollution of tourism. Very cold air outside buildings and tourist facilities and no visit would be the dominant atmospheric conditionsFebruary11
Due to the thermal comfort zone to heat environment and fossil fuel heating appliances need to be warm and outside the building envelope is required. Meanwhile, in late March of air stiffness lessens and comfort is provided.March12

the bioclimatic diagram (Gioni ) for Semnan city during statistical period

drawing the Olegi comfort diagram in Semnan

Sorption. Temperature of the skin and surrounding environment is created and makes Ronnie body temperature fixed at 37˚C [13] . The climate conditions of the region also affect the architecture style and the type of materials directly. All principles of sustainable development have to be embodied in a full process that leads to establishment of a healthy environment [7] . Comfort and tourism conditions in Semnan are referred in Table 3.

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