By using Jacobi elliptic function expansion method, several kinds of travelling wave solutions of Nonlinear Vakhnenko equation are obtained in this paper. As a result, some new forms of traveling wave solutions of the equation are shown, and the numerical simulation with different parameters for the new forms solutions are given.
The nature of the world is known by people step by step with many powerful methods. Solving linear equation is the beginning of the process, meanwhile, the results do not well agree with the solution of the linear equation. People overcome the difference and find the nonlinear equation, which is used to describe many phenomena in various physics fields. Many different nonlinear equations appear gradually. Nonlinear Vakhnenko equation is a kind of nonlinear partial differential equation, which is proposed to describe long waves of small amplitudes broadcasting in nonlinear dispersive media. The equation and its variable coefficients play an important role in further study mathematics and knowing the physics of nature. However, obtaining the solutions of the nonlinear equation is a difficult story. With deeply studying the relation of nature, many powerful methods appear [
Generally, the nonlinear Vakhnenko equation [
u u x x t − u x u x t + u 2 u t = 0 (1)
where the subscripts denote the partial derivatives of x and t. The remaining structure of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 is a brief introduction to the Jacobi elliptic function and its properties. In Section 3, by implementing the Jacobi elliptic function expansion method, some new traveling wave solutions for nonlinear Vakhnenko are reported. The conclusion is summarized in the last section.
The nonlinear partial differential equation with independent variables x and t is generally in the following form
Q ( u , u x , u t , u x t , u x x , u t t , ⋯ ) = 0 (2)
The above equation is a function about u ( x , t ) , the subscripts denote the partial derivatives with x and t, respectively. The wave variable ξ = x + w t is applied to the Equation (2), which is changed into the following ordinary differential equation
Q ( u , u ξ , u ξ ξ , u ξ ξ ξ , ⋯ ) = 0 (3)
where u ξ , u ξ ξ , ⋯ denotes the derivative with respect to the same variable ξ .
Generally, the function u in terms of Jacobi elliptic function expansion method can be expressed with the first kind of Jacobi elliptic function s n ( ξ ) as follow
u ( ξ ) = ∑ i m a i s n i ( ξ ) (4)
where ai is constant parameter; m is determined by balancing the linear term of the highest order derivative with nonlinear term of Equation (3).
The three kinds of Jacobi elliptic functions have useful properties [
s n ( ξ ) 2 = 1 − c n ( ξ ) 2 , d n ( ξ ) 2 = 1 − m 2 s n ( ξ ) 2 (5)
s n ( ξ ) ξ = c n ( ξ ) d n ( ξ ) , c n ( ξ ) ξ = − s n ( ξ ) d n ( ξ ) , (6)
d n ( ξ ) ξ = − m 2 s n ( ξ ) c n ( ξ ) (7)
where m (0 < m < 1) is the modulus of the elliptic function. The modulus substantially affects the Jacobi elliptic solutions, which will asymptotically go into hyperbolic functions and trigonometric functions when the modulus m → 1 and m → 0 , respectively. The asymptotical functions are listed in the following
m → 1 , s n ( ξ ) → tanh ( ξ ) , c n ( ξ ) → sech ( ξ ) , d n ( ξ ) → sech ( ξ ) m → 0 , s n ( ξ ) → sin ( ξ ) , c n ( ξ ) → cos ( ξ ) , d n ( ξ ) → 1. (8)
Consider the Nonlinear Vakhnenko equation in the form of Equation (1) with ξ = x + w t , we obtain
u u ξ ξ ξ − u ξ u ξ ξ + u 2 u ξ = 0 (9)
By using m to balance the highest order derivative term and the nonlinear term of Equation (9), we have m = 2 obtained from Equation (9). Then, Equation (4) reduced as
u ( ξ ) = a 0 + a 1 s n ( ξ ) + a 2 s n 2 ( ξ ) (10)
where s n ( ξ ) is the first kind of Jacobi elliptic function.
Substituting Equation (10) into the equation Equation (9) and collecting all terms with the same power term together and equating each coefficient of s n ( ξ ) to zero, a set of simultaneous algebraic equations are yielded as follows:
− a 0 a 1 + a 0 2 a 1 − 2 a 1 a 2 − a 0 a 1 m 2 = 0 (11)
2 a 1 2 a 0 − 8 a 0 a 2 + 2 a 0 2 a 2 − 4 a 2 2 − 8 a 2 a 0 m 2 = 0 (12)
a 1 3 − 3 a 1 a 2 + 6 a 0 a 1 a 2 + 6 a 0 a 1 m 2 − 3 a 1 a 2 m 2 = 0 (13)
4 a 1 2 a 2 + 4 a 2 2 a 0 + 4 a 1 2 m 2 + 24 a 0 a 2 m 2 = 0 (14)
5 a 2 2 a 1 + 20 a 2 a 1 m 2 = 0 (15)
2 a 2 3 + 12 a 2 2 m 2 = 0 (16)
Solving the above algebraic equations, we get the results:
a 0 = 2 ( m 2 + 1 ) ± 2 m 4 − m 2 + 1 ; a 1 = 0 ; a 2 = − 6 m 2
By using Equation (10), we obtained the solution of Equation (1) as the following:
u 1 ( ξ ) = 2 ( m 2 + 1 ) + 2 m 4 − m 2 + 1 − 6 m 2 s n 2 ( ξ ) (17)
u 2 ( ξ ) = 2 ( m 2 + 1 ) − 2 m 4 − m 2 + 1 − 6 m 2 s n 2 ( ξ ) (18)
where ξ = x + w t .
The numerical simulation for Equations ((17), (18)) with m = 0. 3 , w = 0. 5 , x ∈ [ − 10 , 10 ] and t ∈ [ − 10 , 10 ] are shown in
According to the asymptotically functions, the numerical simulation for Equation (18) with w = 0. 5 , x ∈ [ − 10 , 10 ] , t ∈ [ − 10 , 10 ] , m = 0.99999999 and m = 0.00000001 , are shown in
u 3 ( ξ ) = 2 ( m 2 + 1 ) − 2 m 4 − m 2 + 1 − 6 m 2 tanh 2 ( ξ ) (19)
u 4 ( ξ ) = 2 ( m 2 + 1 ) − 2 m 4 − m 2 + 1 − 6 m 2 sin 2 ( ξ ) (20)
The derivative of the Equation (18) is given as
u 5 ( ξ ) = − 12 m 2 s n ( ξ ) c n ( ξ ) d n ( ξ ) . (21)
The numerical simulation with m = 0. 3 , w = 0. 5 , x ∈ [ − 10 , 10 ] and t ∈ [ − 10 , 10 ] is shown in
The nonlinear Vakhnenko equation in the form Equation (1) has been further studied by means of the Jacobi elliptic function expansion method. Several kinds of periodic evolution solutions (17)-(21) of Equation (1) are obtained in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions, hyperbolic solutions and trigonometric solutions. Those solutions can be used to discuss some interesting physical phenomena of amplitudes broadcasting in nonlinear dispersive media. The performance of Jacobi elliptic functions expansion method is powerful, which gives more solutions. From the simulation results, we can know the amplitudes of travelling wave solutions and period. Equation (21) is the derivative of the Equation (18), which shows the velocity of the wave solutions.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Xiang, C.H. and Wang, H.L. (2020) Jacobi Elliptic Function Expansion Method for the Nonlinear Vakhnenko Equation. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 8, 793-798. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2020.85061