Quantum Phase Transition for One-Dimensional Spin-1 XXZ Model with Uniaxial Single-Ion-Type Anisotropy

The quantum phase transitions for one-dimensional spin-1 XXZ model with uniaxial single-ion-type anisotropy are investigated by numerical simulation. The Gaussion transition occurred between the Larged- D phase and Neel phase, which is a gapped phase. The results of ground state energy, local order parameter and entanglement entropy agree with each other. The figures for all of the physical observable are shown in the text.

• Local Order Parameter
• Phase Diagram
• Entanglement Entropy
• Ground State Energy

1. Introduction

Investigation on the properties of quantum phase transition [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] , which occurs as a result of a sudden change in the ground state but the outside control parameter changed slowly, for the one-dimensional spin-1 Heisenberg systems is going on through the last several decades. For the quantum system, quantum fluctuations instead of thermal fluctuations, drive the quantum phase transitions in absolute zero temperature. Meanwhile, Haldane [6] [7] [8] [9] suggested that a gapless ground state appeared for half integer spin; there is a gap between the first excited state and the ground state for integer spin.

The one-dimensional spin-1 XXZ model is an important model and had been researched by many groups [10] [11] [12] [13] , which is destroyed by various types of perturbations: uniaxial single-ion-type anisotropy, bond alternation. The critical point in the thermodynamic limit is still difficult to obtain. On the other hand, G. Vidal and his colleagues had introduced the matrix product states [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] in one spatial dimension for infinite lattice in the thermodynamic limit, which is based on the variational algorithm.

The good approximation ground-state wave-function can be obtained with the given initial state.

This paper is organized as follows. In the next section, the model Hamiltonian is given and the phase diagram is shown. The physical observable for the model are explained in Section 3. The final section is devoted to a summary.

2. The Hamiltonian and Ground-State Phase Diagram

The Hamiltonian for the one dimensional spin-1 XXZ model with uniaxial single-ion-type anisotropy [10] is given as the follow

H = ∑ l = 1 N [ J ( S l x S l + 1 x + S l y S l + 1 y ) + J z S l z S l + 1 z ] + D ∑ l = 1 N ( S l z ) 2 (1)

where J and J_z are the exchange couplings for x, y directions and z-direction, respectively, D is the external magnetic field, and S is the spin-1 operator on the site l.

S x = 1 2 ( 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 ) , S y = 1 2 ( 0 − i 0 i 0 − i 0 i 0 ) , S z = ( 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 − 1 )

With the exchange couplings D = 0 and J_z = 1, Equation (1) is deduced into one-dimensional quantum Heisenberg model. The phase diagram for Equation (1) is shown in Figure 1. The Large-D, Neel, XY, Haldane, Ferromagnetic phase are appeared in the diagram with J_z and D as the control parameter. Gaussian phase transition happened between the Haldane phase and Large-D phase, which is a gapful phase to gapful phase. An Ising transition occurred between

the Neel phase and Haldane phase. In this paper, we set J = 1, J_z = 5 and 10, D as the out control parameter. The phase transition between the Neel phase and Large-D phase is studied from the ground state energy, local order parameter and the entanglement entropy.

3. Physical Observable

When the out control parameter changed, the phase transition will occurred for the Hamiltonian Equation (1). The physical observable is different behavior in different phase, which changed obviously in the critical point for the given truncation dimension. The Hilbert space is labeled as d (physical space), the truncation dimension is the auxiliary space in the matrix product states. By using transitionally invariant of quantum systems on an infinite-size lattice, the critical point is arose, which is near and near the critical point in the thermodynamic limit with the truncation dimension larger and larger. The ground energy (Figure 2), local order parameter and entanglement entropy are shown for the Large-D phase and Neel phase with different truncation dimension.

The local order parameter is an important observable in phase transition field, which is obtained by order parameter and the good approximation ground state wavefunction. The order parameter can be read from the two-site reduced density matrix. The spin-1 S z is the order parameter. The simulation results of the local order parameter for Equation (1) are shown in Figure 3 with truncation dimension χ = 8, 16, 32 and 50 with different label in left (J_z = 5) and right (J_z = 10), respectively. The jump of the local order parameters shown the type of the phase transition between the Large-D phase and the Neel phase is the first phase transition. The lower local order parameter appears in the critical point with the parameter J_z = 5 (the left figure). The jump of order parameter will lower and lower with the smaller and smaller J_z. The tri-critical point among the Large-D

phase, Neel phase and Haldane phase arise. The corresponding type of the phase transition is changed into second phase transition.

The order or disorder can be quantified in terms of the von Neumann entropy, which is used to descript the amount of entanglement captured between two half infinite chains. The von Neumann entropy S for half infinite chain (A) or half infinite chain(B) is defined as

S = − T r ρ A log ρ A = − T r ρ B log ρ B (2)

where ρ A ( B ) is the reduced density matrix. The fluctuation is trivial outside the phase transition point, however, which become stronger and stronger with the control parameter near and near the phase transition point. The fluctuation is strong enough to destroy the order completely. The entanglement entropy is divergence in the phase transition point in theory. The entanglement entropy for the Hamiltonian (1) with J = 1, J_z = 5 (left) and 10 (right) is shown in Figure 4 with the truncation dimension χ = 8, 16, 32, 50 in different label.

The jump appears in the entanglement entropy, which means the type of the transition is the first phase transition. The shift of the phase transition line is smaller and smaller with the truncation dimension is bigger and bigger. The figures tell us that the truncation dimension is larger enough to capture the amount of the entanglement entropy.

4. Summary

The one-dimensional spin-1 XXZ model with uniaxial single-ion-type anisotropy is investigated by using matrix product states. The ground state energy, local order parameter and the entanglement entropy for the model with J = 1, J_z = 5 and 10, and the parameter D as the out control parameter are shown in this paper. The jump in physical observable for J_z = 10 is larger than the one with parameter for J_z = 5. The jump tells us that the phase transition between the Large-D phase and

Neel phase is the first phase transition. As the J_z is smaller and smaller, the jump will lower and lower. The tricritical point appears, which happened among the Large-D phase, Neel phase and Haldane phase. The jump disappear thoroughly. All the results obtained from the physical observables agree well with each other.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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