A Mild and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Acylals from Aromatic Aldehydes and Their Deprotections Catalyzed by Synthetic Phosphates under Solvent-Free Conditions

An efficient and clean preparation of acylals from aromatic aldehydes in the presence of synthetic phosphates (flourapatite and hydroxyapatite doped with ZnCl2 and ZnBr2) and acetic anhydride was achieved easily in high yields (86% - 97%) at room temperature under solvent-free conditions. Deprotection of the resulting acylals has also been attained by using the same catalysts under microwave irradiation. This method consistently has advantage of excellent yields (82% - 96%) and a short reaction time (3 - 4 min).

• Synthetic Phosphates
• Clean Process
• Acylals
• Protection
• Deprotection

1. Introduction

There has been an increasing emphasis among researchers from both academia and industry to design synthetic strategies keeping in view the principles of “Green Chemistry” [1]. Adopting the principles of green chemistry means to reduce or eliminate the generation and use of hazardous substances. In recent years, replacement of hazardous solvents with environmentally benign solvents [2] [3] or development of solvent-free syntheses [4] [5] [6] is one of the major focus areas of Green Chemistry. In other cases, the use of heterogeneous catalysts under solvent-free conditions is becoming very popular as it has many advantages: reduced pollution, reusability, high selectivity, low cost, and simplicity in process and in handling. These factors are especially important in industry.

The 1,1-diacetates (acylals) have been introduced as a suitable protection group for aldehyde because of their remarkable stability to neutral and basic conditions [7]. In addition, they can be converted into other useful functional groups by reaction with appropriate nucleophiles [8] and used as carbonyl surrogates for asymmetric synthesis [9]. 1,1-Diacetates, on the other hand, are ambident substrates containing two types of reactive carbon centres, the carbon atom of the protected aldehyde function and the carbonyl group in the ester moieties [10]. The relative acid stability of 1,1-diacetates is another interesting feature of such 1,1-diacetates in the field of protection-deprotection chemistry [11].

The synthesis of acylals is usually achieved via the reaction of an aldehyde with acetic anhydride (AC₂O) in the presence of a protic acid [12] [13] [14] , Lewis acids [15] - [23] , or heterogeneous catalyst [24] - [30]. Many of reported methods, however, involve strongly acidic or oxidizing conditions, corrosive reagents, high temperature, high catalyst loading, longer reaction time and cumbersome procedures. In view of these, the search for finding a cost-effective, mild and simple protocol for synthesis of acylals from aldehydes is still relevant.

In recent years, we have used the synthetic phosphates (hydroxyapatite (HAP) and fluorapatite (FAP)) alone, doped and modified by metal salts as the heterogeneous catalysts for several reactions, such as Knoevenagel condensation [31] [32] , Friedel-Crafts alkylation [33] [34] [35] , Michael addition [36] [37] , hydration of nitriles to amides [38] , and Cross aldol Condensation [39]. In this work, we wish to report a mild, convenient and green methodology for the synthesis and deprotection of acylals from aromatic aldehydes using ZnCl₂/FAP, ZnBr₂/FAP, ZnCl₂/HAP and ZnBr₂/HAP.

2. Results and Discussion

The catalytic activity of the materials prepared has been evaluated in the protection of aromatic aldehydes. First of all, we have tested the apatite (FAP or HAP) alone in the catalysis of the synthesis of acylals (Table 1). The yields obtained are poor. To enhance the activity of apatite (FAP or HAP), the later was doped with different Lewis acids. For an initial evaluation of the activity of ZnBr₂/apatite different experiments were carried out using varying values of catalyst weight in the protection of benzaldehyde with acetic anhydride (Table 1). The yield of product 2a increased as weight of catalyst increased. This result indicate the positive effect of the catalyst in this transformation, we have chosen 0.1 g of the catalyst for further study.

To explore the scope of this methodology the protection of different substrates was investigated. To appreciate the important enhancement of the activity of the doped materials, we have carried out synthesis of acylals with ZnCl₂/FAP, ZnBr₂/FAP, ZnCl₂/HAP and ZnBr₂/HAP in the same condition (Table 2). The positive effect of doped solid catalysts can be observed in all cases. The yields obtained are high (86% - 97%) at room temperature except for the product required relatively longer reaction time (entry 2e) at 70˚C, possibly owing to the strong electron-withdrawing nitro substituent (see Table 2). Meanwhile, the presence of electron-donating groups (entry 2b, 2d, 2g, Table 2) increases the yields, demonstrating the participation of both the aldehydes and the acetic anhydride in the rate controlling step of the reaction. Furthermore, α, β-unsatured aldehydes, such as cinnamaldehyde (Table 2, product 2f) and acid sensitive aldehydes, such as furfural (Table 2, product 2c) reacted well without any decomposition or polymerization under the selected reaction conditions.

To evaluate the influence of the metal halide in the activity of the doped material, we have compared the yields obtained in the synthesis of product 2a using ZnCl₂/HAP, ZnBr₂/HAP, ZnCl₂/FAP and ZnBr₂/FAP. Thus the kinetic curves of these reactions as shown in Figure 1, indicate clearly the promoting effect of Lewis acids, ZnBr₂/HAP appear to be somewhat the more active catalyst. Reuse of ZnBr₂/HAP was studied in the synthesis of product 2a. The yields obtained were 94%, 76% and 69% using the fresh catalyst and reused for the first and the second time, respectively. The decrease of the yields can be explained by the accumulation of organic substrates over the active sites of the catalyst.

Table 1

Effect of the weight of ZnBr 2 /HAP and ZnBr 2 /FAP in the synthesis of product 2a

Weight of catalyst (g)	Catalyst Yield (%) [time (min)]
	ZnBr2/HAP	ZnBr2/FAP
0.05	53 (75)	56 (105)
0.1	94 (75)	93 (105)
0.2	95 (75)	96 (105)
0.5	95 (75)	96 (105)

Table 2

Preparation of 1,1-diacetates from aldehydes

Entry	Producta	Catalyst	Yields (%)b [time]
2a		HAP ZnCl2/HAP ZnBr2/HAP FAP ZnCl2/FAP ZnBr2/FAP	15 (48 h) 96 (90 min) 94 (75 min) 11 (48 h) 90 (120 min) 93 (105 min)
2b		HAP ZnCl2/HAP ZnBr2/HAP FAP ZnCl2/FAP ZnBr2/FAP	17 (48 h) 97 (90 min) 96 (75 min) 16 (48 h) 94 (120 min) 95 (105 min)
2c		HAP ZnCl2/HAP ZnBr2/HAP FAP ZnCl2/FAP ZnBr2/FAP	24 (48 h) 90 (20 min) 92 (15 min) 18 (48 h) 87 (25 min) 92 (25 min)
2d		HAP ZnCl2/HAP ZnBr2/HAP FAP ZnCl2/FAP ZnBr2/FAP	13 (48 h) 93 (40 min) 95 (30 min) 14 (48 h) 91 (50 min) 89 (45 min)
2ec		HAP ZnCl2/HAP ZnBr2/HAP FAP ZnCl2/FAP ZnBr2/FAP	46 (48 h) 95 (5 h) 96 (4 h) 41 (48 h) 93 (7 h) 96 (6 h)
2f		HAP ZnCl2/HAP ZnBr2/HAP FAP ZnCl2/FAP ZnBr2/FAP	19 (48 h) 94 (30 min) 92 (20 min) 12 (48 h) 86 (35 min) 91 (35 min)
2g		HAP ZnCl2/HAP ZnBr2/HAP FAP ZnCl2/FAP ZnBr2/FAP	14 (48 h) 90 (40 min) 92 (30 min) 9 (48 h) 88 (50 min) 86 (45 min)

^aAll 1,1-diacetates were identified by their ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR spectra. ^bIsolated yield. ^cThe reaction mixture was stirred at 70˚C.

Recently, microwave-assisted solvent-free synthesis in organic reactions has been of growing interest as an efficient, economic and clean procedure (“green chemistry”) [6] [39] [40] [41] [42]. For these reasons, we have tried the method for deprotection of geminal-diacetates catalyzed by same supports FAP, HAP, ZnBr₂/FAP, ZnCl₂/FAP, ZnBr₂/HAP and ZnCl₂/HAP). The results are summarized in Table 3. The reaction were completed within 3 min for

Table 3

Regeneration of aldehydes from 1,1-diacetates

Entry	Substrate	Product	Catalyst	Yields (%) [time (min)]
2a			HAP ZnCl2/HAP ZnBr2/HAP FAP ZnCl2/FAP ZnBr2/FAP	50 (10) 92 (3) 96 (3) 48 (10) 91 (4) 93 (4)
2b			HAP ZnCl2/HAP ZnBr2/HAP FAP ZnCl2/FAP ZnBr2/FAP	52 (10) 93 (3) 94 (3) 46 (10) 86 (4) 91 (4)
2c			HAP ZnCl2/HAP ZnBr2/HAP FAP ZnCl2/FAP ZnBr2/FAP	46 (10) 82 (3) 87 (3) 42 (10) 74 (4) 77 (4)
2d			HAP ZnCl2/HAP ZnBr2/HAP FAP ZnCl2/FAP ZnBr2/FAP	58 (10) 90 (3) 95 (3) 44 (10) 90 (4) 92 (4)
2e			HAP ZnCl2/HAP ZnBr2/HAP FAP ZnCl2/FAP ZnBr2/FAP	65 (10) 93 (3) 97 (3) 49 (10) 92 (4) 94 (4)
2f			HAP ZnCl2/HAP ZnBr2/HAP FAP ZnCl2/FAP ZnBr2/FAP	54 (10) 91 (3) 94 (3) 41 (10) 88 (4) 93 (4)
2g			HAP ZnCl2/HAP ZnBr2/HAP FAP ZnCl2/FAP ZnBr2/FAP	56 (10) 94 (3) 96 (3) 46 (10) 89 (4) 90 (4)

ZnX₂/apatite (P = 300 W) and high yields (82% - 96%) of regeneration of aldehydes. Whereas, similar reaction in the presence of apatite alone (P = 500 W) afforded moderate yields of product (49% - 63%) within 10 min of irradiation time.

It was noticed that there was no reaction under microwave without catalyst, and to what was observed in traditional heating without solvent. This shows a certain synergy between catalyst and the microwave. It is thus completely reasonable to think that the effect of the temperature is a determining factor to promote this transformation. Unfortunately, domestic microwave was used and therefore it was impossible to measure the exact temperature during the reaction.

In conclusion, we have developed a clean and easy method for the synthesis of geminal-diacetates from aldehydes in solvent free conditions, and regeneration of aromatic aldehydes from the corresponding acylals in microwave irradiation using metal halides doped apatite (HAP or FAP) as heterogeneous catalysts. The positive effect of doping the apatite with ZnCl₂ and ZnBr₂ has been observed, and the comparison of these materials indicates that ZnBr₂/HAP is the best catalyst for this reaction. The use of metal halides doped apatite offers diverse advantages including simplicity of operation due to the heterogeneous nature of reaction, easy workup and high yields.

3. Experimental

3.1. Preparation and Characterization of the Catalysts

3.1.1. Preparation and Characterization of HAP

The synthesis of hydroxyapatite [33] is carried out by reaction between diammonium phosphate and calcium nitrate in presence of ammonia. An amount of 250 ml of aqueous solutions containing 7.92 g of diammonium phosphate, maintained at a pH greater than 12 by addition of ammonium hydroxide (70 ml), were dropped under constant stirring into 150 ml of a solution containing 23.6 g of calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂H₂O). The suspension was refluxed for 4 h. Distilled water (DW) was used to prepare the solutions. The obtained hydroxyapatite was filtered, washed with DW, dried overnight at 80˚C and calcined in air at 800˚C for 1 h before use.

The structure of the obtained hydroxyapatite was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and chemical analysis. The hydroxyapatite crystallized in the hexagonal system with the space group P63/m. The lattice parameters of the prepared HAP are in excellent agreement with standard data: a = 6.883 A˚ and c = 9.422 A˚. Surface area of the calcined HAP was determined by the BET method from the adsorption-desorption isotherm of nitrogen at its liquid temperature (77 K), and was found to be S = 35 m²・g⁻¹.

3.1.2. Preparation and Characterization of FAP

FAP was prepared by the co-precipitation method as previously reported [34]. The structure of the obtained FAP was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and chemical analysis. The fluorapatite crystallized in the hexagonal system with the space group P63/m. The lattice parameters of the prepared FAP are in excellent agreement with standard data: a = 9.364 A˚ and c = 6.893 A˚. Surface area of the calcined FAP was determined by the BET method, and was found to be S = 15 m²・g⁻¹.

3.2. Preparation of ZnX 2 /Apatite (ZnX 2 /HAP or ZnX 2 /FAP) [X = Br, Cl]

The preparation of ZnX₂/apatite was as follows: 10 mmol of ZnX₂ and 10 g of apatite (FAP or HAP) were mixed in 100 mL of water and then evaporated to dryness and dried for 2 h at 150˚C before use.

The XRD patterns of ZnX₂/apatite are similar to that of apatite [34] [35] [36]. The modification of the apatite by ZnX₂ impregnation does not change the crystalline structure of the solid material. The intensity of typical diffraction peaks did not significantly change indicating no disorganization of the crystalline structure of apatite. It should be noted that no ZnX₂ phases were detected on the doped materials in all cases, indicating that ZnX₂ was highly dispersed in the solid apatite.

3.3. Procedure for the Preparation of 1.1-Diacetates

A typical procedure for the preparation of 1,1-diacetates is a follows: the aldehyde (3 mmol) and acetic anhydride (9 mmol) were placed in a two-necked flask with stirring at room temperature. The catalyst (200 mg of apatite (HAP or FAP) or 100 mg of (ZnX₂/FAP or ZnX₂/HAP) was added and obtained mixture was maintained at room temperature (only for entry 2e a temperature at 70˚C was needed) for the appropriate time (see Table 2). After the completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC (hexane/ethyl acetate 5% - 20%), Et₂O was added to the mixture and filtered, and then the catalyst was again washed with Et₂O and collected for reuse. Evaporation of the solvent followed by column chromatography on silica gel afforded the pure compound corresponding to 1,1-diacetates.

3.4. Procedure for Deprotection of 1.1-Diacetates

A typical procedure for the regeneration of aldehydes from 1,1-diacetates is a follows: 0.5 g of synthetic phosphates were placed, at 500 w for (HAP or FAP) or 350 w for (ZnX₂/FAP or ZnX₂/HAP) in a domestic microwave oven, for the appropriate time (Table 3). After the completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC (hexane/ethyl acetate 5% - 20%), Et₂O was added to the mixture and filtered. Evaporation of the solvent followed by column chromatography on silica gel afforded the pure compound corresponding to aldehydes.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

References

1. Anastas, P.T. and Warner, J.C. (1998) Green Chemistry, Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

2. Polshettiwar, V. and Varma, R.S. (2008) Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis and Transformations Using Benign Reaction Media. Accounts of Chemical Research, 41, 629-639. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar700238s https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ar700238s

3. Polshettiwar, V. and Varma, R.S. (2008) Aqueous Microwave Chemistry: A Clean and Green Synthetic Tool for Rapid Drug Discovery. Chemical Society Reviews, 37, 1546-1557. https://doi.org/10.1039/b716534j http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2008/cs/b716534j/unauth#!divAbstract

4. Toda, F. and Tanaka, K. (2000) Solvent-Free Organic Synthesis. Chemical Reviews, 100, 1025-1074. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr940089p https://doi.org/10.1021/cr940089p

5. Varma, R.S. (2002) Clay and Clay-Supported Reagents in Organic Synthesis. Tetrahedron, 58, 1235-1255. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)01216-9 http://parazite.nn.fi/hiveboard/picproxie_docs/000458467-Tetrahedron_58_2002_1235-1255.pdf

6. Varma, R.S. (1999) Solvent-Free Organic Syntheses Using Supported Reagents and Microwave Irradiation. Green Chemistry, 1, 43-55. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/1999/gc/a808223e https://doi.org/10.1039/a808223e

7. Greene, T.W. and Wuts, P.G.M. (1999) Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis. 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 306.

8. Heerden, F.R., Huyser, J.J., Williams, D.B.G. and Holzapfer, C.W. (1998) Palladium-Catalysed Substitution Reactions of Geminal Allylic Diacetates. Tetrahedron Letters, 39, 5281-5284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(98)01000-4 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040403998010004

9. Trost, B.M. and Lee, C. (2001) Gem-Diacetates as Carbonyl Surrogates for Asymmetric Synthesis. Total Syntheses of Sphingofungins E and F. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 123, 12191-12201. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0118338 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0118338

10. Sandberg, M. and Sydnes, L.K. (1998) The Chemistry of Acylals. Part II. Formation of Nitriles by Treatment of Acylals with Trimethylsilyl Azide in the Presence of a Lewis Acid. Tetrahedron Letters, 39, 6361-6364. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040403998013094 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(98)01309-4

11. Kochhar, K.S., Bal, B.S., Deshpande, R.P., Rajadhyaksha, S.N. and Pinnick, H.W. (1983) Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis. Part 8. Conversion of Aldehydes into Geminal Diacetates. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 48, 1765-1767. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo00158a036?journalCode=joceah https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00158a036

12. Tomita, M., Kikuchi, T., Bessho, K., Hori, T. and Inubushi, Y. (1963) Studies on Pilocereine and Related Compounds. III. Synthesis of 2, 2’, 3-Trimethoxydiphenyl Ether-4’, 5- and -4’, 6-Dicarboxaldehyde. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 11, 1484-1490. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.11.1484 https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb1958/11/12/11_12_1484/_article/-char/en

13. Davey, W. and Gwilt, J.R. (1957) Chalcones and Related Compounds. Part I. Preparation of Nitro-, Amino-, and Halogeno-Chalcones. Journal of the Chemical Society, 0, 1008-1014. https://doi.org/10.1039/jr9570001008 http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1957/jr/jr9570001008/unauth#!divAbstract

14. Marshall, J. and Wuts, P.G.M. (1977) Stereoselective Synthesis of Racemic Occidentalol and Related Cis-Fused Hexahydronaphthalenes from M-Toluic Acid. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 42, 1794-1798. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo00430a027?journalCode=joceah https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00430a027

15. Deka, N., Kalita, D.J., Borah, R. and Sarma, J.C. (1997) Iodine as Acetylation Catalyst in the Preparation of 1,1-Diacetates from Aldehydes. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 62, 1563-1564. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo961741e https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo961741e?journalCode=joceah

16. Scriabire, I. (1961) Nouveau procédé de préparation des aldéhydes dihidrocinnamique. Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France, 1194.

17. Wang, C.D. and Li, M.H. (2002) A Novel and Efficient Conversion of Aldehydes to 1,1-diacetates Catalyzed with FeCl3/SiO2 under Microwave Irradiation. Synthetic Communication, 32, 3469-3473. https://doi.org/10.1081/SCC-120014779 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1081/SCC-120014779

18. Yadav, J.S., Reddy, B.V.S. and Srinivas, C. (2002) Indium Trichloride Catalyzed Chemoselective Conversion of Aldehydes to gem-Diacetates. Synthetic Communication, 32, 1175-1180. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1081/SCC-120003607

19. Yin, L., Zhang, Z.H., Wang, Y.M. and Pang, M.L. (2004) Indium Tribromide as a Highly Efficient and Versatile Catalyst for Chemoselective Synthesis of Acylals from Aldehydes under Solvent-Free Conditions. Synlett, 10, 1727-1730. https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-2004-829549

20. Heravi, M.M., Bakhtiari, K., Benmorad, T. and Oskooie, H.A. (2007) VSO45H2O: A Mild and Efficient Catalyst for Chemo-Selective Conversion of Aldehydes to 1,1-Diacetates. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 54, 273-275. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jccs.200700040

21. Karimi, B. and Maleki, J. (2003) Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiOTf) as a Recyclable Catalyst for Highly Efficient Acetylation of Alcohols and Diacetylation of Aldehydes under Mild and Neutral Reaction Conditions. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 68, 4951-4954. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo026678+ https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo026678%2B?journalCode=joceah

22. Ghosh, R., Maiti, S., Chakraborty, A. and Halder, R. (2004) Indium Triflate: A Reusable Catalyst for Expeditious Chemoselective Conversion of Aldehydes to Acylals. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 215, 49-53. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1381116904000573 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2004.01.018

23. Jin, T.S., Sun, G., Li, Y.W. and Li, T.S. (2002) An Efficient and Convenient Procedure for the Preparation of 1,1-Diacetates from Aldehydes Catalyzed by H2NSO3H. Green Chemistry, 4, 255-256. https://doi.org/10.1039/b200219a http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2002/gc/b200219a/unauth#!divAbstract

24. Karimi, B., Ebrahimian, B.G.R. and Seradj, H. (2002) Highly Efficient and Chemoselective Conversion of Aldehydes to Acylals Catalyzed with Tungsten Hexachloride (WCl6). Synthetic Communication, 32, 669-673. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1081/SCC-120002503 https://doi.org/10.1081/SCC-120002503

25. Firouzabadi, H., Iranpoor, N., Nowrouzi, F. and Amani, K. (2003) Aluminum Dodecatungstophosphate (AlPW12O40) as an Efficient Heterogeneous Inorganic Catalyst for the Chemoselective Synthesis of Geminal Diacetates (Acylals) under Solvent-Free Conditions. Tetrahedron Letters, 44, 3951-3954. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040403903008116 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(03)00811-6

26. Romanelli, G.P., Thomas, H.J., Baronetti, G.T. and Autino, J.C. (2003) Solvent-Free Catalytic Preparation of 1,1-Diacetates from Aldehydes Using a Wells-Dawson Acid (H6P2W18O62·24H2O). Tetrahedron Letters, 44, 1301-1303. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040403902028174 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(02)02817-4

27. Curini, M., Epifano, F., Marcotullio, M.C., Rosati, O. and Nocchetti, M. (2002) Preparation and Deprotection of 1,1-Diacetates (Acylals) Using Zirconium Sulfophenyl Phosphonate as Catalyst. Tetrahedron Letters, 43, 2709-2711. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040403902003696 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(02)00369-6

28. Smitha, G. and Reddy, C.S. (2003) A Facile and Efficient ZrCl4 Catalyzed Conversion of Aldehydes to Geminal-Diacetates and Dipivalates and Their Cleavage. Tetrahedron, 59, 9571-9576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2003.10.002 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040402003015813

29. Ziyaei, A., Azizi, N. and Saidi, M.R. (2005) Chemoselective and Convenient Preparation of 1,1-Diacetates from Aldehydes, Mediated by Solid Lithium Perchlorate under Solvent-Free Conditions. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chem, 238, 138-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2005.05.022 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S138111690500364X

30. Sebti, S., Tahir, R., Nazih, R., Saber, A. and Boulaajaj, S. (2002) Hydroxyapatite as a New Solid Support for the Knoevenagel Reaction in Heterogeneous Media without Solvent. Applied Catalysis A, 228, 155-159. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926860X01009619 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00961-9

31. Sebti, S., Nazih, R., Tahir, R., Salhi, L. and Saber, A. (2000) Fluorapatite: New Solid Catalyst of the Knoevenagel Reaction in Heterogeneous Media without Solvent. Applied Catalysis A, 197, L187-L190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(99)00492-5 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926860X99004925

32. Sebti, S., Tahir, R., Nazih, R. and Boulaajaj, S. (2001) Comparison of Different Lewis Acid Supported on Hydroxyapatite as New Catalysts of Friedel-Crafts Alkylation. Applied Catalysis A: General, 218, 25-30. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926860X01005993 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00599-3

33. Saber, A., Smahi, A., Solhy, A., Nazih, R., Elaabar, B., Maizi, M. and Sebti, S. (2003) Heterogeneous Catalysis of Friedel-Crafts Alkylation by the Fluorapatite Alone and Doped with Metal Halides. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A, 202, 229-237. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1381116903001869 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1381-1169(03)00186-9

34. Tahir, R., Banert, K. and Sebti, S. (2006) Natural and Synthetic Phosphates: New and Clean Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Synthesis of 5-Arylhydantoins. Applied Catalysis A: General, 298, 261-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2005.09.024 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926860X05007222

35. Tahir, R., Banert, K., Solhy, S. and Sebti, S. (2006) Zinc Bromide Supported on Hydroxyapatite as a New and Efficient Solid Catalyst for Michael Addition of Indoles to Electron-Deficient Olefins. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A, 246, 39-42. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1381116905007259 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2005.10.012

36. Zahouily, M., Mounir, B., Charki, H., Mezdar, A., Bahlaouan, B. and Ouammou, M. (2006) Investigation of the Basic Catalytic Activity of Natural Phosphates in the Michael Condensation. Arkivoc, 13, 178-186. https://www.arkat-usa.org/get-file/22824/

37. Bazi, F., El Badaoui, H., Tamani, S., Sokori, S., Solhy, A., Macquarrie, D.J. and Sebti, S. (2006) A Facile Synthesis of Amides by Selective Hydration of Nitriles Using Modified Natural Phosphate and Hydroxyapatite as New Catalysts. Applied Catalysis A, 301, 211-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2005.12.003

38. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926860X05009269

39. Mounir, B., Bazi, F., Mounir, A., Toufik, H. and Zahouily, M. (2018) Sodium-Modified Fluorapatite: A Mild and Efficient Reusable Catalyst for the Synthesis of α,α’-Bis(Substituted Benzylidene) Cycloalkanones under Conventional Heating and Microwave Irradiation. Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 8, 156-166. http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=84414 https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2018.82011

40. Lidstrom, P., Tierney, J., Wathey, B. and Westman, J. (2001) Microwave Assisted Organic Synthesis. Tetrahedron, 57, 925-9283. https://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/pdf/microwave.organic.chemistry.review.pdf https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)00906-1

41. Rezayati, S., Hajinasiri, R. and Erfani, Z. (2016) Microwave-Assisted Green Synthesis of 1,1-Diacetates (acylals) Using SelectfluorTM as an Environmental Friendly Catalyst under Solvent-Free Conditions. Research on Chemical Intermediates, 42, 2567-2576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-015-2168-1 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11164-015-2168-1

42. Naeimi, H., Kiani, F. and Moradian, M. (2018) Rapid Microwave Promoted Heterocyclization of Primary Amines with Triethyl Orthoformate and Sodium Azide Using Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles as Recyclable Catalyst. Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 11, 361-369. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2018.1510990 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17518253.2018.1510990