Purpose: To evaluate the measurements of the peripapillary retinal neurofiber layers (RNFL) and the ganglion cells complex (GCC) obtained by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in eyes with preperimetric open-angle glaucoma. Methods: One hundred and forty eyes of 75 patients (21 male and 54 female), 80 eyes with preperimetric glaucoma (PPG) (45 patients) and 60 normal eyes (30 subjects) were included in this study. Automated visual field examination was done to all participants using Humphrey field analyzer, program 30-2. The GCC thickness and peripapillary RNFL thickness were measured using RTVue-100 (Optivue, Inc., Fremont, CA). The areas under ROC (receiver operating characteristic)—curves (AUCs) were defined for all examined GCC and RNFL parameters. Results: GCC of the eyes with PPG was significantly thinner than GCC of the normal eyes: (89.58 vs 97.82 microns, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between upper and lower GCC halves in both study groups. We found a reduction of RNFL thickness in glaucomatous eyes (P < 0.001) compared with normals. AUCs for GCC parameters in eyes with PPG were larger than AUCs for RNFL parameters. Conclusion: Our study showed that the peripapillary RNFL and GCC thickness are lower in preperimetric glaucoma than in normal eyes. Despite the fact that GCC measurements (especially GLV) show better AUC than peripapillary measurements, we suggest that two scans (GCC and ONH) put together are superior in detecting early structural glaucomatous damage. Several diagnostic parameters should be considered in the clinical diagnosis of preperimetric glaucoma.
Open-angle glaucoma is defined as a “multifactorial optic neuropathy with an acquired atrophy of the optic nerve and loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons, developing in the presence of open anterior chamber angles, and manifesting characteristic visual field abnormalities” [1] .
The progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells and thinning of the neuroretinal rim and the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) correspond with deterioration of the visual field [2] [3] [4] . Clinical studies have provided evidence that the structural damage in glaucoma precedes the functional change, a condition that has been termed pre-perimetric glaucoma. The idea of this concept is that the eye has a functional reserve whereby early structural damage does not directly lead to functional damage. This hypothesis is mainly based on the observation that, in early stages of the disease, the structural damage predominates, whereas in the later stages, functional damage predominates. The lack of sensitivity of visual field testing is due to physiological redundancy in retinal ganglion cell receptive fields. It is well known that patients with glaucoma can suffer a 20% to 50% loss of retinal ganglion cells before a defect becomes evident in standard perimetry [5] [6] . The atrophy of the RNFL [7] , which is an early sign of glaucomatous damage of the retinal ganglion cells and their axons, is often left undetected by ophthalmoscopy and photography of the optic disc and the RNFL. In the last decade spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) has been widely used to detect structural glaucoma changes [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . Although the diagnostic accuracy of SD-OCT is satisfactory in moderate and advanced glaucoma, its accuracy in early and preperimetric glaucoma has still not met the clinical needs. Circumpapillary RNFL thickness and macular ganglion cell complex thickness have been successfully used for diagnostic and follow-up purposes. At present, there is no consensus on which is the best structure parameter for early glaucoma diagnosis, and it is still unknown whether one or several of these diagnostic parameters should be used in the clinical diagnosis of early glaucoma [13] .
2. Aim
To evaluate the measurements of the peripappilary retinal neurofiber layers (RNFL) and the ganglion cells complex (GCC) obtained by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in eyes with preperimetric open-angle glaucoma.
Materials and Methods
The study included 80 eyes with preperimetric glaucoma (PPG) of 45 patients and 60 normal eyes of 30 controls (total 140 eyes of 75 participants). Women predominated in both examined groups.
In 10 glaucoma patients only one eye was analyzed―that was the second eye without perimetric changes of patients with unilateral moderate or advanced glaucoma. In 35 patients both eyes (n = 70) were analyzed―that were the eyes with suspicious glaucomatous appearance of the optic disc and increased intraocular pressure but without perimetric changes.
The analyzed healthy eyes belonged to 30 individuals, age and gender matching the glaucoma patients.
Table 1 presents demographics of the study groups.
The inclusion criteria for preperimetric glaucoma patients were by ophthalmoscopy apparent enlarged cupping (C/D > 0.6), neuroretinal rim thining (diffuse or localized) and/or diffuse or localized peripappilary RNFL thinning. They had reliable and reproducible normal visual field with mean deviation (MD) less than 2 dB.
The inclusion criteria for the healthy subjects were: normal ONH (C/D < 0.6), reliable normal visual field tests with normal MD less than 2 dB and intraocular pressure consistently below 21 mmHg.
Subjects with coexisting retinal diseases, uveitis or non-glaucomatous optic disc neuropathy were excluded.
Each subject underwent a ophthalmic examination including review of medical history best corrected visual acuity, slit lamp biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure measurements using Goldmann applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, fundoscopy examination with 90-diopters lens and standard automated perimetry with Humphrey Field analyzer, 30-2 Swedish Interactive Treshold Algorithm (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA). The visual field test was considered reliable when fixation losses were less than 20% and false positive and false negative errors were less than 15%.
Within six months the eyes were tested by SD-OCT. We used RTVue-100 (software version: 4.0.5.39, Optovue). The peripapillary RNFL and, GCC were analyzed.
RNFL thickness was calculated using two programmes: ONH mode and 3.45 mode. In the programme ONH mode RNFL thickness was recalculated from the “en face” imaging obtained by six circular and 12 linear incoming measurements. From this program we analyzed the following parameters: the average thickness of the peripapillary RNFL (RNFL1 Ave), the RNFL thickness of the upper half (RNFL1 Sup) and the RNFL thickness of the lower half (RNFL1 Inf). We also compared six (from all 16) separate temporal RNFL sectors: ST2
Demographics of the study groups
Parameters
Preperimetric glaucoma
Controls
Number of participants
45
30
Age (years)
58.5 ± 9.1
58.4 ± 9.7
Female (percent total)
70
76.6
Number of examined eyes
80
60
Visual field MD (mean deviation)
Normal −0.23 ± 1.01
Normal −0.19 ± 1.8
Pattern Standard Deviation (PSD)
1.71 ± 0.17
0.97 ± 0.54
(supero-temporal), TU2 and TU1 (temporal upper), TL1 and TL2 (temporal lower), IT2 (infero-temporal).
The RNFL thickness on program “3.45 mode” (RNFL2) was measured along a circle with a diameter of 3.45 mm around the optic disc. The following parameters from this programme were selected for the statistical analysis: average thickness (RNFL2 Overall), the RNFL thickness of the upper half (RNFL2 Sup), the RNFL thickness of the lower half (RNFL2 Inf) and the RNFL thickness of the four quadrants―temporal, superior, nasal and lower (RNFL2 temporal quadrant, RNFL2 superior quadrant, RNFL2 nasal quadrant, RNFL2 inferior quadrant).
The GCC scan was centered 1 mm temporal from the fovea and covered a 7/7 mm square grid of the central macula. The GCC thickness was measured from the internal limiting membrane to the outer inner plexiform layer boundary. The average GCC thickness (GCC Ave), the average thickness of the upper GCC (GCC Sup) and the average thickness of the lower GCC (Inf GCC) were calculated. Two other diagnostic GCC parameter―focal loss volume (FLV) and global loss volume (GLV) were analyzed too. GLV and FLV are pattern-based parameters that reflect different aspects of losses in the GCC. They summarize the volume of the losses in the inner macula with different focus levels [14] . FLV represents the integral of the deviation in areas with significant focal losses. GLV is calculated as the sum of negative deviations in the whole area.
We excluded the images with a signal strength index (SSI) less than 35. Measured data were excluded when they were not compliant with the algorithm of the detection surface or when there was decentration of the circular area.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the diagnostic ability of RNFL and GCC parameters to detect structures with glaucomatous changes.
An area under the ROC curve of 1.0 represented perfect discrimination, whereas an AUC of 0.5 represented discrimination that is no better than the results obtained by chance. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows (v. 22.0.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3. Results
Table 2 presents the average GCC thickness (GCC Ave), the average thickness of the upper GCC (GCC Sup) and the average thickness of the lower GCC (Inf GCC), FLV and GVL in both groups.
The GCC parameters differed significantly between the groups (P < 0.001), showing decreasing GCC thickness in the preperimetric eyes. There was no statistically significant difference among GCC parameters within groups.
Table 3 presents the values of peripapillary RNFL thickness in eyes with preperimetric glaucoma and healthy eyes by program ONH, presented as RNFL1 Ave (whole circumference thickness), RNFL1 Sup (the upper half thickness), RNFL1 Inf (the lower half thickness).
GCC parameters in preperimetric and healthy eyes
GCC thickness (µm)
Eyes with preperimetric glaucoma (mean ± SD)
Healthy eyes (mean ± SD)
P values
GCC Ave
89.58 ± 9.02
97.82 ± 5.06
<0.001
GCC Sup
89.22 ± 10.33
97.31 ± 5.92
<0.001
GCC Inf
89.78 ± 8.76
98.34 ± 5.38
<0.001
FLV
2.55 ± 3.71
0.49 ± 0.68
<0.001
GLV
9.93 ± 7.03
3.40 ± 2.55
<0.001
RNFL parameters by program ONH in preperimetric and healthy eyes
RNFL thickness (µm)
Eyes with preperimetric glaucoma (mean ± SD)
Healthy eyes (mean ± SD)
P values
RNFL1 Ave
101.03 ± 11.67
110.57 ± 7.88
<0.001
RNFL1 Sup
101.92 ± 12.86
111.48 ± 9.78
<0.001
RNFL1 Inf
100.24 ± 12.70
109.45 ± 9.68
<0.001
Significant differences between examined groups were found in RNFL1 Ave, RNFL1 Sup and RNFL1 Inf (P < 0.001).
The thickness of temporal RNFL sectors was analysed in ONH mode. The mean values and a comparison of the RNFL temporal sectors in both groups are presented in Table 4.
The RNFL sectors ST2, TU2 (supero-temporal), IT2 (infero-temporal) were significantly thinner in the preperimetric glaucomatous eyes than in the healthy eyes.
The peripapillary RNFL measurements obtained in 3.45 scanning mode are presented in Table 5. They include RNFL2, overall (whole circumference thickness), RNFL2 Sup (the upper half thickness), RNFL2 Inf (the lower half thickness) and RNFL thickness of four quadrants (temporal, superior, nasal, inferior).
There were significant differences between the groups in all analyzed parameters of 3.45 mode except in RNFL thickness of nasal quadrant (P = 0102).
Areas under the curves (AUCs) were generated for the examined OCT parameters and calculated by ROC curve analysis. They are presented in Table 6.
GLV, GCC Ave, GCC inf and GCC Sup have shown the best AUC’s.
The ROC curves for GCC Ave, GCC Sup and GCC inf are shown in Figure 1.
The AUCs for the RNFL thickness obtained in ONH mode were better than those obtained in 3.45 mode (see Table 6) therefore the ONH mode is more reliable in distinguishing preperimetric from normal eyes.
Figure 2 shows the ROC curves and AUC’s of RNFL measurements in ONH mode.
Figure 3 shows the ROC curves and AUC’s of RNFL measurements in the 3.45 mode. Except for the nasal quadrant all other measurements of the RNFL quadrant showed AUC’s to be between 0.640 and 0.666.
Mean values and comparison of the RNFL temporal sectors in preperimetric eyes
RNFL thickness (µm)
Eyes with preperimetric glaucoma (1) (mean ± SD)
Healthy eyes (2) (mean ± SD)
P values (1 vs 2)
ST2
127.99 ± 20.40
141.83 ± 21.77
<0.001
TU2
88.06 ± 15.60
100.71 ± 13.39
<0.001
TU1
72.39 ± 14.15
76.84 ± 11.55
0.053
TL1
68.48 ± 14.80
68.45 ± 13.67
0.990
TL2
82.96 ± 15.29
87.59 ± 14.14
0.075
IT2
130.05 ± 21.95
139.78 ± 19.85
0.009
Mean values and comparison of the RNFL parameters in 3.45 scanning mode in preperimetric and healthy eyes
RNFL thickness (µm) (3.45 scanning mode)
Eyes with preperimetric glaucoma (1) (mean ± SD)
Healthy eyes (2) (mean ± SD)
P values (1 vs 2)
RNFL2 Overall
99.51 ± 11.72
107.20 ± 7.90
<0.001
RNFL2 Sup
100.62 ± 14.48
108.12 ± 8.85
0.001
RNFL2 Inf
98.47 ± 12.52
106.38 ± 9.49
0.001
RNFL2 temporal quadrant
78.11 ± 12.17
84.20 ± 11.15
0.004
RNFL2 superior quadrant
120.39 ± 21.78
130.96 ± 13.76
0.002
RNFL2 nasal quadrant
72.93 ± 13.71
76.48 ± 9.29
0.102
RNFL2 inferior quadrant
125.57 ± 19.64
135.70 ± 14.12
0.002
AUC and confidence interval for examined OCT parameters
OCT parameter
AUC
95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound
95% Confidence Interval Upper Bound
GCC Ave
0.809
0.738
0.879
GCC Sup
0.776
0.698
0.854
GCC Inf
0.794
0.721
0.867
FLV
0.732
0.646
0.817
GLV
0.818
0.749
0.888
RNFL1 Ave
0.747
0.666
0.828
RNFL1 Sup
0.724
0.639
0.810
RNFL1 Inf
0.717
0.632
0.803
RNFL2 Overall
0.700
0.614
0.785
RNFL2 Sup
0.681
0.593
0.770
RNFL2 Inf
0.685
0.593
0.770
RNFL2 temporal quadrant
0.640
0.544
0.735
RNFL2 superior quadrant
0.666
0.573
0.759
RNFL2 nasal quadrant
0.586
0.488
0.684
RNFL2 inferior quadrant
0.647
0.553
0.742
The RNFL analysis of the temporal sectors has shown that all of sectors except TL1 had a good AUC (especially supero-temporal sectors ST 2 and TU2) and could discriminate between the preperimetric glaucomatous eyes and healthy eyes. Figure 4 and Table 7 present the ROC curves and AUC’s of the analyzed RNFL temporal sectors.
OCT changes were detected in 29 eyes with preperimetric glaucoma (36.3%). Based on the expert system of RTVue, we did not observe deviations from the norm in the rest 51 eyes (63.7%). Twenty five eyes showed pathological changes only in GCC. The most often observed alteration was in GLV (in 10 eyes). Abnormal changes in both RNFL and GCC were found in 3 eyes. Changes only in RNFL were observed in one eye with preperimetric glaucoma.
4. Discussion
To prevent glaucomatous damage, it is important to detect changes of the retinal ganglion cells and their nerve fiber layers as early as possible.
Recently, increased attention has been directed toward the macular region for evaluation of glaucomatous damage. As a large proportion of total macular thickness is composed of RNFL and ganglion cell bodies, this region is an attractive area for identifying structural damage from glaucoma disease [15] .
The macular RGC layer contains more than 50% of the RGCs of the entire retina [16] . In eyes without macular pathologies, the inner macula appears to be a region with structural characteristics comparable to the optic disc and peripapillary
Areas under the curves of the analyzed RNFL temporal sectors
Test Result Variable(s)
Area
st2
0.668
tu2
0.732
tu1
0.590
tl1
0.502
tl2
0.608
it2
0.627
region [17] . Recent studies have also suggested that, contrary to previous belief, glaucomatous damage frequently affects the macular region leading to central visual field losses that can go undetected [3] . A recent investigation also demonstrated that glaucomatous RGC damage to the macular area seems to occur at the same proportion to the damage seen in regions outside the macula [18] . OCT parameters of inner macula are able to distinguish glaucomatous eyes from those of healthy subjects [19] [20] [21] . Some studies have shown that the GCC and RNFL parameters are similar and comparable in detecting early glaucoma [11] [14] [19] [22] . There are researchers such as Sung KR et al. [23] that have reported GCC measurements are inferior to RNFL measurements for glaucoma detection. Our results have demonstrated that the OCT parameters with the largest AUC are GCC parameters (GLV, GCC Ave and GCC Inf). This is confirmed by a great number of authors [24] [25] [26] [27] . The thinning of GCC is due to death of the ganglion cells from glaucoma, so GCC is an ideal site for imaging and detecting glaucoma process [28] [29] [30] . The global loss volume (GLV) had the largest AUC (0.818), and this is observed by other authors as well [19] [31] . We found that the diagnostic value of the mean GCC thickness (AUC = 0.809) was greater than that of the mean RNFL thickness (AUC = 0.747) so the mean GCC thickness appeared to be a better predictor of early glaucoma than the mean RNFL thickness, regardless of the fact that the difference was not significant. This finding may be explained, in part, by GCC being a more direct measure of RGC integrity. Macular GCC parameters have a theoretical advantage over peripapillary RNFL parameters in diagnosis, because RGC loss occurs early in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Furthermore, early RGC loss typically gives rise to isolated damage in the paracentral areas (10˚ - 20˚). The inferior and/or superior RNFL areas are the specific glaucomatous sites for early glaucomatous damage [32] . RNFL thinning at the typical locations may be a predictor of a development of glaucomatous visual field damage in glaucoma-suspect eyes [33] . R. Lisboa et al. [34] has determined that the parameter with the largest AUC obtained with the Spectralis SD OCT is the temporal superior RNFL thickness (0.88 ± 0.03), followed by global RNFL thickness (0.86 ± 0.03) and temporal inferior RNFL thickness (0.81 ± 0.04). The RNFL sectors analysis provides a quantitative assessment of these locations and helps us to distinguish preperimetric glaucoma. We found that the peripapillary RNFL thickness of supero-temporal and infero-temporal sectors (in ONH mode) were significantly thinner compared with healthy eyes. In general, the RNFL parameters with best diagnostic accuracy have been the average peripapillary RNFL thickness and thicknesses in the inferior and superior quadrants [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] . Our results have shown that RNFL thickness (average, superior half, inferior half) differs significantly between eyes with preperimetric glaucoma and healthy eyes. The pattern of RNFL thickness loss at the typical glaucomatous sites was found to reflect glaucoma, including its preperimetric stage.
5. Conclusions
Our study showed that the peripapillary RNFL and GCC thickness are lower in preperimetric glaucoma than in normal eyes. Despite the fact that GCC measurements (especially GLV) show better AUC than peripapillary measurements, we suggest that two scans (GCC and ONH) put together are superior in detecting early structural glaucomatous damage.
Several diagnostic parameters should be considered in the clinical diagnosis of preperimetric glaucoma.
Cite this paper
Kostianeva-Zhelinska, S.S., Konareva-Kostianeva, M. and Atanassov, M. (2018) Optical Coherence Tomography Parameters in Preperimetric Open-Angle Glaucoma. Open Journal of Ophthalmology, 8, 106-119. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojoph.2018.82015
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