1. IntroductionThe research focuses on the explanation of the association between child labor and the reproduction of family poverty in Puno. In the work process we try to demonstrate the levels of association between child labor and reproduction of poverty explained in the educational variables, family income level and level of employment in adulthood. Considering that the object of study is based on the longitudinal analysis of the facts, given that the population under study are adults were child laborers in their childhood. The research was carried out in the areas with the highest concentration of working street children, an indicator that facilitated access to obtaining data with adults who are currently parents. The selected places have been: The area of Salcedo “the brickworks in the Rinconada”, Jr. Los Incas and surroundings of the stadium “ETB”, the Bellavista market, and the market, Union Market - Dignity and some parks, main streets where people perform out their economic activities informally. Another factor that has allowed us access to objective and real information is the work experience we have developed with these families through a National INABIF Program (Street Educators Program); without this opportunity it would not have been possible to have the information contained in this work.
The available information allows us to sustain that child labor with the characteristics of survival in which it is practiced today is directly associated with the reproduction of family poverty in Puno [1]. This statement is based on the statistical tests that were carried out throughout the work. The central variables that have allowed us to demonstrate this association have been the following: Child labor as an independent and influential variable, its indicators have been, forms of work, hours of work, working conditions and types of work (before and after); then we defined some intermediate variables such as education with its indicators of school repetition, school dropout and school dropout, for each one the measurement indices were elaborated; income level with its indicators of high, medium and low, with similar methodology has been developed the indices for each indicator; the variable level of employment reached in adulthood, for this variable was established indicators such as type of employment in adulthood, forms of employment, hours of work in adulthood; and finally, we associate with the level of family poverty as a dependent variable, and our indicators have been: Income level, housing conditions, basic services, health and food conditions.
On the other hand, there are studies of [2] who make their contribution by finding factors such as the age of majority, being male and poverty; These are related to children and adolescents leaving school to dedicate themselves solely to work or in some cases to work and study. Likewise, the author shows that better educational levels of the mother have an inverse relationship with the probability that the child works. In the same perspective, we have the studies of [3] [4] assure that the lack of resources means that some families in poverty are forced to give priority to increase income at the expense of the education of their children; that is to say, families that are structurally poor and have the problem that child labor is reproduced generationally, observe a vicious circle in which children must help the family, particularly their younger siblings and their old parents advanced, that are limited to develop certain activities. [5] concludes that, although there is a legal framework regarding child labor, this evil will follow its path in a vicious circle, with few tendencies to get out of it. What will ensure the decrease of child labor will be, a qualification of the parents; the country reaches levels of development and decreases school drop-out so that children with the accumulation of skills can make the social leap and break this vicious circle.
2. Theoretical FrameworkTheoretical reflections focus on the question: what to do with the children of the poor?, is basically the starting point for any approach, in the contemporary debate there are three major positions on the work of children and adolescents in Latin America, [6] [7] [8]. The elimination of child labor as a final goal purpose that originally has hoisted the International Labor Organization (ILO), since 1919. This agency, is opposed to all forms of work in which the child is exploited, takes advantage of their weakness, he is exposed to risks, he is prevented from being educated and trained. In this regard we find statements such as the Director General of the ILO [9] [10] , children who are prematurely living as adults, working many hours a day for low wages and in conditions that are detrimental to their health and for their physical and mental development, sometimes away from their families, often deprived of any significant opportunity for education and training capable of procuring a better future for them. At the Latin American level, an important role in this issue has been developed by Emilio García Méndez, regional advisor of UNICEF, always within the framework of a general policy of elimination of child labor, this author introduces at least two central contributions: the methodological and pragmatic side of action [11] [12].
The vindication of work as the right of childhood. If in the analysis and proposal of the first approach that focuses basically on harmful child and youth work, this perspective places as an axis of concern all activity that children and adolescents undertake tending to the production and reproduction of their living conditions, be they These activities are legal or illegal, harmful or benign without any difference [13] [14] [15] and only on this basis is it possible to base, strengthen their organizational perspective, justify their ambition to become a social movement and potentially political to respond to what we do to transform a system that only makes the rich richer and more miserable to the already poor?, paradigm that has articulated the experience of Manthoc in our country and the movement of NATs in Nicaragua, in Bolivia, in Mexico, in Argentina [14]. The short vision placist, in this last approach there is no explicit definition in the final objectives of the intervention. The intervention is focused on the short term [16]. The urgency is addressed, the concern is to improve the living conditions of working children in areas such as health, education, self-esteem, among others [17].
According to the studies [18] [19] they point out that children work simply because they have to do it, that is, because their family needs their economic contribution to maintain a minimum level of subsistence. The poorest families, in the effort to reproduce, opt for the mobilization of all possible resources, including children who can be summoned for the exercise of tasks, paid or not, which concern both the production and the social reproduction. According to [20] finds up to four main approaches, two of which are rights and capabilities and social exclusion [21]. They also consider two other approaches that do not seem to be comparable approaches to the two mentioned or those we propose. These are the so-called monetary and participatory approaches [22]. The first is descriptive, focusing on the operational definition of poverty and the measurement of monetary poverty, that is, of quantifying the part of the population (or families) that obtains income in money below a norm (or line) of income that is taken as reference [23]. The second, participatory, is only a method of knowing or approaching poverty and not a proper approach. In this regard [24] mentions, the quality of life depends on a series of services such as child nutrition, consumption of health services, housing with drinking water and sewerage and basic education.
Today the increase in child labor and school dropout, the growing and palpable gap between the included and the excluded gives the disturbing feeling that the poor no longer exist there and that in some way we are all involved in the multiplication of poverty, which he refuses to decrease. The research carried out by [25] , indicates that the lack of basic education prevents access to even the lowest sectors of the formal labor market, decisively contributing not only to the consolidation and reproduction of the cycle of poverty but also of the marginality cycle; On the other hand [26] [27] , point out that investment in children’s education and health is a central piece in breaking the cycle of poverty and aspiring to human development with equity.
The relationship between work and education is reciprocal. Many children and adolescents work to study, while others do not study for work, however, help their parents or not in the payment of school and purchase of supplies, the result is the same, due to long days Work and the excess physical effort that most occupations involve, children arrive at school tired, with difficulty concentrating while others are absent from the classroom. [17]. In the long term, working children and adolescents due to the loss of education, which such activity implies, being adults, could only access the occupations that require less qualification and therefore will be the lowest paid [16] [6]. The majority of the poor and extremely poor population has a job, but it lacks employment. In this regard [28] , he mentions that those excluded from the labor market will become the poorest in society, explaining the relationship between exclusion from the labor market and the type of employment of people.