Conditional Optimization of Solution Combustion Synthesis for Pioneered La₂O₃ Nanostructures to Application as Future CMOS and NVMS Generations

In the Mediterranean region, climate change will result by 2100 in a tempera-ture increase that most likely will range from 2°C to 2.7°C, while annual precip-itation will most likely reduce in the range of 3% to 10%. This paper uses hy-drological modeling of precipitation and evapotranspiration to evaluate the challenge to aquifer natural recharge considering Palestine as a case study. The study showed that the climate change impacts on aquifer recharge will vary according to the distributions of monthly precipitation and evapotranspiration in the recharge areas. The 2°C to 3°C increase in temperature could result in a reduction of 6% to 13% in aquifer annual recharge. Aquifer recharge was found to be sensitive to changes in precipitation as a reduction of 3% to 10% in annual precipitation could result in a reduction in annual recharge ranging from 3% to 25%. It was observed that aquifers with recharge areas characterized by lower precipitation are more sensitive to precipitation reduction and thus groundwater resources will be negatively impacted more in these areas by climate change. Thus, climate change will reduce water availability in drier areas requiring adaptation measures through improving water management and rehabilitation of water infrastructure.

• Nanoparticles
• Lanthanum Oxide
• X-Ray Diffraction
• SEM
• FTIR
• TEM

1. Introduction

Lanthanum exhibited the good diamagnetic properties and also having the largest band gap E_g > 5 eV in the rare earth group oxides. It having very highly dielectric constant, ε = 27 pF/m with the lowest lattice energy [1] [2] . La₂O₃ has p-type semiconducting properties there for its resistivity decreases at high temperatures [3] . Thus the use of this material in the gated MOSFET devices will extensively reduce the leakage current density because of the larger band offset for electrons as compared to other high-κ materials [4] [5] . Synthesis of fine and uniform crystallite size, chemical homogeneity, high-purity, complex oxide formulations have been studied for the past few decades. At present, there are many techniques available to synthesize complex oxide by Pechini method [6] , Solution combustion method [7] , and precipitation from aqueous solutions hydrothermal synthesis [8] , sol-gel processing [9] , microwave hydrothermal synthesis [10] [11] , reverse micelle method [12] and solution combustion method using different fuel and chelating agent like Propylene glycol and Glutaric acid [13] . In this work satisfying the demand for higher integration density in microelectronics, the scaling of MOSFETs becomes more and more aggressive. In future, a leading manufacturer of integrated circuits recently announced to introduce hafnium and lanthanum based high-κ dielectrics in their next CMOS new generation [6] .

In this article we have demonstrated to synthesis of La₂O₃ by at 600˚C temperature with using Solution combustion method for taking amount Ψ = 1 of Acetamide as fuel. It is very easy method for Preparation of La₂O₃ Nanoparticles. Synthesized La₂O₃ nanoparticles were characterized by various analytical techniques.

2. Materials and Method

2.1. Materials

Analytical grade Lanthanum nitrate and acetamide were used as received from the s.d fine chemicals (India). All reaction was performed using double distilled water.

2.2. Synthesis of La 2 O 3 Nanoparticles by Using Solution Combustion Method

K. Bikshalu et al. have been reported synthesis of La₂O₃ Nanoparticles by using Pechini Method for Future CMOS Applications [14] and A. Pathan et al. have been reported Synthesis of La₂O₃ Nanoparticles using Glutaric acid and Propylene glycol for Future CMOS Applications [13] . Here, we used Acetamide as fuel. In this Method, We used mixing of the Lanthanum Nitrate with Acetamide as Fuel. Both reactant mix well and put it solution in muffle furnace at 600˚C for 4 - 5 hrs. After that reaction we get solid particles. It cool at room temperature and give sample for various analysis. All reagents used were mixed in Double Distilled water. The experiment was carried out with two Fuel ratios i.e., Ψ = 1.

4La(NO₃)₃ +2CH₃CONH₂ → 2La₂O_3(s) + 2NH_3(g) + 2H₂O + 4CO_2(g) + 11NO_2(g) + N_2(g)

Here, we are describing the amount of Precursor (fuel) Materials to be taken for in this synthesis (Figure 1).

3. Result and Discussions

3.1. X-Ray Diffractrometer Analysis

figure 2 shows that the XRD pattern of the La₂O₃ Nanoparticles Prepared by using Solution Combustion method. This result indicates that the structure of the La₂O₃ Nanoparticles is in pure Cubic phase when synthesized at Ψ = 1. The extended peaks are representing the dimensions of the Nano range particles. Peaks are observed at 24.32˚, 31.90˚, 36.38˚, 47.71˚ and 56.79˚ respectively corresponding to the (h k l) values of the peaks (1 0 0), (1 1 0), (1 1 0), (2 0 0) and (2 1 0) respectively. The lattice parameters were in good agreement with JCPDS card number 04 - 0856 [15] , having lattice parameters a = b = c = 3.6180 Å and α = β = γ = 90˚. Figure 2: XRD Patterns of La₂O₃ Particles Synthesized by Solution Combustion method for Ψ = 1.

The crystallite size is calculated by Debye-Scherer’s formula,

D = K λ β cos θ (1)

where, D is the average crystallite size of the particle, λ is the wavelength of the radiation, β is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the peak, θ is the Bragg’s angle. The average crystallite sizes of samples synthesized by this method is 42 nm for ψ = 1.

Here, Calculate the strain and crystallite size of the sample are from the Williamson―Hall equation. The equation is as follows:

β cos θ = K λ t + 2 ε sin θ (2)

where β is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the XRD corresponding peaks, K is Debye-Scherer’s constant, t is the crystallite size, λ is the wave length of the X-ray radiation, ε is the lattice strain and θ is the Bragg angle. In this process 2sinθ is plotted against βcosθ, using a linear extrapolation to this plot, the intercept gives the crystallite size and slope gives the strain (ε). The average crystallite sizes were 42 nm and strain was 0.0028 for Nano particles synthesized by this method using ψ = 1. The lattice parameters of the hexagonal phase was measured by the below formula.

1 d 2 = 4 ( h 2 + h k + k 2 ) 3 a 2 + 1 c 2 (3)

The measured values a = b = 0.3919 nm and c = 0.63196 nm were shows the similar values, which is from the XRD pattern.

3.2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

FTIR analysis has been done in the wave number range from 500 cm⁻¹ to 4000 cm⁻¹. The samples have been admixed with KBr, thoroughly mixed and pelletized by pressing under sufficient pressure, before FTIR analysis. La₂O₃ Nano particles were analysed with the BRUCKER (αT Model) FTIR spectrometer as shown in figure 3.

The very weak absorption bands at 3607 cm⁻¹ is assigned to O-H stretching vibration of water molecules, due to presence of moisture in the sample. Very weak bending vibrations of water molecules appeared at 1636 cm⁻¹, C-C Stretching, Medium strong band positions in the range of 1396 cm⁻¹ to 1464 cm⁻¹ are possibly due to stretching vibrations of ions. The narrow absorption peak observed around at 1066 cm⁻¹ can be ascribed to the C=O bonding. The medium to strong absorption bands at 653 cm⁻¹ were because of La-O stretching. Hence the existence of above mentioned bands identify the presence of La₂O₃.

3.3. Thermo Gravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis

The TGA analysis of La₂O₃ Nano particles synthesized using this Method was representing in figure 4 respectively. The temperature range is 50˚C to 1000˚C. The initial weight loss observed at 350˚C to 500˚C corresponds to that of loss of carbonaceous compounds. The peak observed after 450˚C to 550˚C corresponds to decomposition of covalently bond organic material, mainly carbon which was converted into CO₂ at the time of synthesis. From DSC Curves of La₂O₃ Nano particles the exothermic peak present in between 640˚C to 810˚C can be observed due to desorption and decomposition of carbonaceous materials.

The weight loss of the La₂O₃ Nano Particles are Shown in Above figure 4 Shows the Weight Loss for the Sample Synthesized this Method is 14.006% for at ψ = 1.

3.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy and EDAX

The grain size, shape and surface properties like morphology were observed using SEM with different magnifications. The SEM images of La₂O₃ nanoparticles which were prepared using this Method at ψ = 1 was shown in figure 5 respectively.

EDAX spectrum of La₂O₃ shows the peaks for lanthanum and oxygen elements indicating the formation of La₂O₃ nanoparticles. Peak indexing of the elements are oxygen 0.52 keV and lanthanum 4.71 keV. The compositions in mass percentage of the elements are oxygen 35.15% and lanthanum 64.42%. The observed composition matches with the theoretically calculated composition (Figure 6).

3.5. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Analysis

The TEM analysis show the agglomerated sample in Nano range. The below figure shows the TEM micrograph of the sample synthesized using this Method.

From TEM analysis, it has been found that the samples particles not good in crystal due to severe agglomeration. But the particles are well below Nanometer range to conclude that the obtained particles are Nano particles (Figure 7).

4. Conclusion

La₂O₃ Nano powders have been successfully synthesized by very low cost Solution Combustion method using Acetamide as fuel and taking F/O ratios i.e., Ψ = 1. The average crystallite sizes of samples synthesized by using this method are 42 nm for Ψ = 1. From FTIR analysis, it shows good formation of La₂O₃ NPS for La-O band at 653 cm⁻¹ and TGA/DSC reveal the effective weight loss of materials at 350˚C and exothermic peak of La₂O₃ at 800˚C. Structural properties were examined by SEM reveals porous and porosity was good in network of Nano crystalline La₂O₃. The EDAX shows the purity and percentage of the La₂O₃ nanoparticles. From the above TEM characterizations we inferred that the sample obtained from higher F/O ratio was phase pure and more crystalline in nature.

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