The vortex formation and organization are the key to understand the intrinsic mechanism in flying and swimming in nature. The vortex wake of dual-flapping foils is numerically investigated using the immersed boundary method. Beside the deflection of the reversed von-Kármán vortex street, an interesting phenomenon, the deflection of the von-Kármán vortex street, is observed behind the dual-flapping foils. The deflected direction is not according to the initial direction of biplane’s flapping motion. And the deflection angle is related to the difference between upward and downward deflecting velocities.
The flapping foil is a common form of propulsion for many flyers and swimmers in nature, such as birds, insects and fishes. Inspired by the applications for the micro-aerial vehicles [1] , the flapping foil has interested many researchers for several decades [2] [3] [4] . The vortex formation and organization are the key to understand the intrinsic mechanism in flying and swimming motions in nature [5] . Different wake patterns can be produced by a flapping foil as the flapping parameters changed, such as the von Kármán vortex street and reversed von Kármán vortex street, which are typically associated with drag and thrust generation, respectively [6] [7] .
The deflected vortex wake of a flapping foil is an interesting phenomenon, since the vortex street deflected to one side of the flapping foil rather than locating symmetrically along the middle-line of the flapping foil [8] . Lai and Platzer pointed out that the deflection direction was related to the initial direction of flapping motion [9] . However, Heathcote and Gursul revealed that the deflection direction was quasi-periodic altered [10] . Ellenrieder and Pothos measured the range of the deflection angle following the shape of the mean velocity profiles [11] . Ramiro Godoy-Diana et al. provided a quantitative prediction of the deflected wake based on two consecutive counter-rotating vortices [12] . Zheng and Wei indicated that the deflection angle can be correlated with the effective symmetry breaking and symmetry holding phase velocities [13] . Many factors, such as the aspect ratios, the flexibility and the shape of the foil, that influence the formation of vortex wake of a flapping foil, were studied experimentally and numerically [14] [15] [16] [17] . The system of dual-flapping foils is a new style and unconventional device which has high propulsive efficiency [1] . Investigating the vortex formation of the wake of dual-flapping foils is beneficial for the optimization design of the micro-aerial vehicles; this is the motivation of this paper.
In this paper, the unsteady flow fields around dual-flapping airfoils are simulated by solving the 2-D viscous incompressible N-S equations based on the immersed boundary method [18] [19] . The vortex formation and organization are analyzed in detail. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the physical model and numerical method. Details of the simulation results are presented and discussed in section 3. Finally, the conclusions are presented in section 4.
2. Physical Model and Numerically Method
In this paper, a NACA0012 airfoil is used as the contour of the flapping foil, as shown in Figure 1, the flapping motion of the upper foil is described as follow:
y = y 0 + h sin ( 2 π f t ) (1)
where y is the vertical coordinates of the flapping foil, y0 is the vertical coordinate of the mean position of the flapping foil, h is the flapping amplitude, f is the
flapping frequency. All the control parameters are non-dimensionalized, the spacing L = L ′ / c , the flapping amplitude h = h ′ / c , the flapping frequency k = 2 π f c / U ∞ . The lower foil flaps counter-phase with the upper foil.
The governing equations of a two-dimensional incompressible viscous flow are written as follows:
∂ u ∂ t + ∇ ⋅ ( u u ) = − ∇ p + 1 R e ∇ 2 u + f , (2)
∇ ⋅ u = 0 . (3)
where u is the velocity, p is the pressure, the Reynolds number is defined as Re = LU∞/ν, ν is the viscosity, and f is the Eulerian force density. The parameters in the current work are defined as follows: U∞ = 1.0, c = 1.0, Re = 500.0. A simple immersed boundary method [19] is employed to calculate the interacting force between the flapping foil and the surrounding fluid, the solution procedure of the immersed boundary method can be done as the following steps (time advancement from n to n + 1):
u ˜ − u n Δ t = − 3 2 ∇ ( u u ) n + 1 2 ∇ ( u u ) n − 1 − ∇ p n + 1 2 R e ∇ 2 ( u n + u ˜ ) (4)
u ˜ ( X k ) = ∑ X u ˜ ( x ) δ h ( x − X k ) h 2 (5)
∑ j = 1 M ( ∑ X δ h ( x − X j ) δ h ( x − X k ) Δ s h 2 ) F ( X j ) = u b ( X k ) − u ˜ ( X k ) Δ t (6)
f ( x ) = ∑ k = 1 M F ( X k ) δ h ( x − X k ) Δ s (7)
u * − u ˜ Δ t = f n + 1 2 (8)
u * * − u * Δ t = ∇ p n (9)
∇ ⋅ u * * = ∇ 2 p n + 1 (10)
u n + 1 − u * * Δ t = − ∇ p n + 1 (11)
where u ˜ , u * and u * * are the intermediate velocity values between the time step of n and n + 1, the complete details of the algorithm and the validations are available in the previous work [20] .
3. Results and Discussion
In order to compare the wake of dual-flapping foils to that of an isolated foil, two values of flapping amplitude (h = 0.1 and h = 0.35) are simulated. As shown in Figure 2, the Von-Kármán vortex street and deflected reversed Von-Kármán vortex street are generated by an isolated flapping foil with h = 0.1 and h = 0.35, respectively. The upper foil was selected for compare because its motion is same to an isolated foil. Figure 3 shows the wake of the dual-flapping foils with the flapping parameters of k = 4 and h = 0.1. An interesting phenomenon, the def-
lected von-Kármán vortex street, was observed behind the dual-flapping foils, and the deflection angle increases as the separation distance decreases. It is very surprising since the Kármán wake of a flapping foil reported in the previous studies was not deflected [6] . Figure 4 shows the wake pattern of dual-flapping foils with the flapping parameters of k = 4 and h = 0.35. The deflected reversed von- Kármán vortex streets have formed behind the flapping foils, but the direction of the deflection is opposite to that of an isolated foil. The deflection weakens as the spacing increases. We should point out that, the wake of dual-flapping foils would not deflect when the spacing is appropriate, although the wake of an isolated flapping foil with the flapping parameters of k = 4 and h = 0.35 deflects. It means that the dual-foils not only restrain the wake deflection but also promote the wake deflection.
The deflected direction was according to the initial heaving direction of an isolated foil in the previous studies [9] [11] , when the airfoil starts moving upward at the beginning of the heaving motion, the wake deflects downward, and vice versa [13] . But for the dual-flapping foils, the deflected direction of the wake is not affected by the initial heaving direction. Only the upward deflected wake has observed for the upper foil, and the downward deflected wake for the lower foil, no matter its initial heaving direction is upward or downward. It is very dif-
ferent to the deflection of the wake behind an isolated flapping foil. The vortex generated in the open flapping motion also followed the vortex produced during the consecutive close flapping motion, no matter the up foil starts with an upward or downward motion initially. Figure 5 shows the vortex field at the nascent stages after the foils start to move. When the upper foil has an initially upward motion, the starting vortex “A” is pairing with the strong vortex “B” generated in the consecutive downward motion. However, when the upper foil has an initially downward motion, the vortex pair formed by the vortex “B” and “C”, instead of the vortex “B” and “A”. This is because the jet flow generated during the close flapping motion can push the vortex to the downstream. Figure 6 shows the mean velocity profiles for x/c = {1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0} chord-lengths downstream from the trailing edge of the dual-flapping foils, the zero value in the y axis is the middle position between two flapping foils. As pointed in the previous studies [11] [13] , the angle of deflection could calculate following the shape of the mean velocity profiles. As shown in Figure 7, four fine lines represent the downstream positions where the values of mean velocity has been
recorded, the rectangular symbols represent the locations of maximum value of each mean velocity profiles of the upper foil. The deflection angle is calculated through a linear curve fit (the heaving line) which is performed through the rectangular symbols in Figure 7. The results of deflection angle will discuss in the latter.
In order to analysis the wake deflection quantitatively, Godoy-Diana et al. proposed a dipole model of two adjacent vortices and used the effective phase velocity of a dipole to quantify the trend of wake deflection [12] . Zheng and Wei used the effective phase velocities of two adjacent dipoles that defined as the symmetry breaking and symmetry holding, to quantify the trend of wake deflection [13] . The vortex deflection motion can divide into horizontal and vertical transportations, which are motivated by the horizontal and vertical flow velocities, respectively. Thus, the vertical flow velocity is the crucial factor that influences the deflection. Here, we calculate the vertical dipole-induced velocity as follows:
V Γ y = ( Γ / 2 π ξ ) sin α (13)
where Γ is the vortex circulation, ξ is the distance between adjacent vortex cores, and α is the angle between the direction of the dipole and the horizontal direction, as shown in Figure 8. The way we used to calculate the vortex circulation Γ follows the previous study [13] .
The vertical dipole-induced velocities of two adjacent dipoles define the trend of upward deflecting and downward deflecting, respectively. As shown in Figure 8, the upward deflecting dipole is represented by vortices “I” and “II” which induce an upward velocity, and the downward deflecting dipole is represented by vortices “II” and “III” which induce a downward velocity. Figure 9 shows the results of the deflected angle and the vertical dipole-induced velocity in the wake of the upper foil in different simulation series. It shows that, the wake deflects upward when the upward deflecting velocity is larger than the downward deflecting velocity, and the deflected angle increases as the difference between upward and downward deflecting velocities increases. When the downward deflecting velocity is larger than the upward deflecting velocity, the wake of a flapping foil deflects downward, such as the wake of the lower foil in Figure 3(a)
and Figure 4(a).
4. Conclusion
The vortex formation of the wake of dual-flapping foils has been numerically studied using the immersed boundary method. Beside the deflection of the reversed von-Kármán vortex street, an interesting phenomenon, the deflection of the von-Kármán vortex street, was observed behind the dual-flapping foils. The deflected direction is not according to the initial direction of the heaving motion because the vortex generated in the open flapping motion was also pairing with the vortex produced during the consecutive close flapping motion. The deflection trend correlates with the vertical induced velocities of two adjacent dipoles, which represent the trends of upward and downward deflecting, respectively. Moreover, the deflection angle is determined by the difference between upward and downward deflecting velocities. The results may provide some physical insights for understanding the intrinsic mechanism in flying and swimming in nature, and the three-dimensional model will be considered in our further work.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 11462015) and the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (grant number 2015ZC56007).
Cite this paper
Lin, X.J., He, G.Y., He, X.Y., Wang, Q. and Chen, L.S. (2017) Numerical Study of Mechanisms of the Vortex Formation in the Wake of Dual- Flapping Foils. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 5, 1431-1439. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2017.57118
ReferencesJones, K.D., Bradshaw, C.J., Papadopoulos, J., et al. (2005) Bio-Inspired Design of Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicles. The Aeronautical Journal, 109, 385-393.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001924000000804Platzer, M.F., Jones, K.D., Young, J., et al. (2008) Flapping Wing Aerodynamics: Progress and Challenges. AIAA Journal, 46, 2136-2149. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.29263Wang, Z.J. and Russell, D. (2007) Effect of Forewing and Hindwing Interactions on Aerodynamic Forces and Power in Hovering Dragonfly Flight. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 99, 148101 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.148101Liang, B. and Sun, M. (2014) Dynamic Flight Stability of a Hovering Model Dragonfly. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 348, 100-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.01.026Koochesfahani, M.M. (1989) Vortical Patterns in the Wake of an Oscillating Airfoil. AIAA Journal, 27, 1200-1205. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.10246Godoy-Diana, R., Aider, J.L. and Wesfreid, J.E. (2008) Transitions in the Wake of a Flapping Foil. PHYSICAL REVIEW E, 77, 016308. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.77.016308Schnipper, T., Andersen, A. and Bohr, T. (2009) Vortex Wakes of a Flapping Foil. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 633, 411-423. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112009007964Jones, K.D., Dohring, C.M. and Platzer, M.F. (1998) Experimental and Computational Investigation of the Knoller-Betz Effect. AIAA Journal, 36, 1240-1246. https://doi.org/10.2514/2.505Platzer, J.C.S.L.M.F. (1999) Jet Characteristics of a Plunging Airfoil. AIAA Journal, 37, 1529-1537 https://doi.org/10.2514/2.641Heathcote, S. and Gursul, I. (2007) Jet Switching Phenomenon for a Periodically Plunging Airfoil. Physics of Fluids, 19, 027104 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2565347Von, E.K.D. and Pothos, S. (2007) PIV Measurements of the Asymmetric Wake of a Two Dimensional Heaving Hydrofoil. Experiments in Fluids, 44, 733-745.Godoy-Diana, R., Marais, C., Aider, J.L., et al. (2009) A Model for the Symmetry Breaking of the Reverse Benard-Von Karman Vortex Street Produced by a Flapping Foil. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 622, 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112008005727Zheng, Z.C. and Wei, Z. (2012) Study of Mechanisms and Factors that Influence the Formation of Vortical Wake of a Heaving Airfoil. Physics of Fluids, 24, Article ID: 103601. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4760258Deng, J. and Caulfield, C.P. (2015) Dependence on Aspect Ratio of Symmetry Breaking for Oscillating Foils: Implications for Flapping Flight. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 787, 16-49. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.661Maraisa, C., Thiriaa, B., Wesfreida, J.E., et al. (2012) Stabilizing Effect of Flexibility in the Wake of a Flapping Foil. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 710, 659-669. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.390Zhang, X., Ni, S., Wang, S., et al. (2009) Effects of Geometric Shape on the Hydrodynamics of a Self-Propelled Flapping Foil. Physics of Fluids, 21, Article ID: 103302. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3251045Zhu, X., He, G. and Zhang, X. (2014) How Flexibility Affects the Wake Symmetry Properties of a Self-Propelled Plunging Foil. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 751, 164-183. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.310Peskin C.S. ,et al. (2003)The Immersed Boundary Method Acta Numerica 11, 479-517.Su, S.W., Lai, M.C. and Lin, C.A. (2007) An Immersed Boundary Technique for Simulating Complex Flows with Rigid Boundary. Computers & Fluids, 36, 313-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2005.09.004He, G.Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, X., et al. (2012) Numerical Analysis on Transitions and Symmetry-Breaking in the Wake of a Flapping Foil. Acta Mechanica Sinica, 28, 1551-1556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-012-0158-8