Investigation of Status Quo of Dietary Behavior in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Objective: To investigate the status quo of dietary behavior of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and analyze its influence factors. Methods: All patients (n = 104) who went to the department of gastroenterology of Hua Dong Hospital were recruited. Dietary behavior of patients was investigated by a questionnaire self-designed while the nutritional status was evaluated using the Patient-generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). Results: Among 104 cases with IBD, the numbers of well dietary belief were 58 cases (55.8%) and the poor were 46 cases (45.2%). The good eating habits were 33 cases (31.7%), the general were 25 cases (24.0%) and the poor were 46 (44.2%). The adequate intakes of carbohydrate, protein and fat were separately 36 cases (34.6%), 25 cases (24.0%) and 33 cases (31.7%) while the inadequate intakes were separately 68 cases (65.4%), 79 cases (76.0%) and 71 cases (68.3%). Sex, culture degree and duration were influence factors of the dietary belief (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The problems in dietary behavior are not optimistic. Most patients with IBD are with poor dietary belief and eating habits while the intake of carbohydrate, protein and fat is insufficient although the choice of food is reasonable. And majority of patients were combined with malnutrition. Education of the dietary knowledge about IBD should be strengthened, especially for patients who are female, short-term duration and lower culture degree.

• Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• Dietary Behavior
• Influence Factor

1. Introduction

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’ disease (CD), are chronic relapsing intestinal inflammatory diseases, listed as the world refractory disease by World Health Organization (WHO). According to a report in China, the number of patients with IBD in recent 5 years was eight times as that in the same period in the 1990s, among which, the incidences of UC and CD were 11.6/100,000 and 1.4/100,000 [1] . Dietary behavior mainly includes dietary belief, eating habits and dietary pattern and can guarantee nutrition status of patients. However, improper behavior could be harmful to IBD. On the one hand, it could lead to nutrition related diseases, such as diabetic mellitus, cardiovascular, intestinal inflammatory and so on. Jingfan Gu [2] suggested poor eating habits, like disorderly eating, could result in intestinal diseases through damaging the gastrointestinal mucosa and destroying the protective barrier of gastrointestinal tract. Hou [3] pointed out that dietary behavior was closely related to the occurrence and recurrence of IBD. Zallot [4] investigated the dietary belief and behavior of 224 cases with IBD and found that IBD had something with the kind and the intake of food. One the other hand, improper dietary behavior could cause malnutrition to trigger or deprave symptoms of IBD. It was reported that patients with IBD were usually combined with malnutrition of which the incidence was up to 85% [5] [6] . Malnutrition was associated with clinical outcomes of IBD by decreasing immunity and injuring intestinal mucosal barrier and so on [7] . Norman [8] suggested that malnutrition could bring about depression and anxiety with patients aggravating IBD. Therefore, it is necessary to manage dietary behavior of patients with IBD. Our study aims to investigate the eating behavior of patients with IBD hoping to provide the evidence for making individualized dietary therapy.

2. Methodology

2.1. Participants

Participants in this study were recruited from a random of patients diagnosed with IBD between January and December 2015 and presented to the department of gastroenterology of Hua Dong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University at Shanghai, China. The inclusion criteria were patients with UC or CD diagnosed according to IBD diagnostic criteria recommended by Chinese Society of Gastroenterology in 2008 and the duration was above 1 year.

Approval for this study was obtained from Fudan University ethics and all patients provided their signed informed consent of participation. A total of 104 patients matched the inclusion criteria.

2.2. Assessment

2.2.1. Demographic Questionnaire

The questionnaire mainly included the patients’ general information such as age, sex, disease type, duration and so on.

2.2.2. Questionnaire of Dietary Behavior

This questionnaire was self-designed divided into 3 aspects, as following: 1) Dietary belief which includes the relationship between dietary and IBD, tie-in diet and importance of diet therapy proposed by doctors. Every item was scored by Likert Scale. The total scores were between 3 and 15 points. The more the scores were, the better the dietary belief was. It could be divided into three groups bases on the value of 70%, 80% and 90% of the highest score, as following: 3 - 12, weak dietary belief; 13, the general; and 14 or above, the well. 2) Eating habits consisting of eating times per day, regularity, eating outside, food flavor, cooking methods, oil, nutrition supplement and selections of snacks, seafood, spicy food, pickled food, cold food, coffee, beverage, strong tea, drinking and smoking. Total scores were between 17 and 85 points. It was divided into three groups depending on the value of 70%, 80% and 90% of the highest score, as: 17 - 68, the poor eating habits; 69 - 76, the general; and 77 or above, the good. 3) Dietary pattern including the intake of carbohydrate food, protein food, fat food, fiber food and nutritional supplements. It was assessed by 24h Dietary Recall. According to Chinese expert consensus on nutrition support treatment about IBD, daily intake of total energy should be up to 25 - 30 kcal/kg every day, the intake of protein every day should be 1.0 - 1.5 g/kg and the energy from fat should be account for 30% - 50% of total energy. If the daily actual intake of the carbohydrate, protein and fat is equal to or beyond that recommended, it separately suggests that the intake is enough. If not, it suggests the intake is inadequate.

The content validity of the questionnaire was 0.85 and the retest reliability was 0.90.

2.2.3. Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA)

The tool was simple and effective with high sensitivity and specificity. It could be not only used for gastrointestinal cancer patients, but also applied in chronic diseases. The tool consisted of two parts: 1) patients’ self-as- sessment including weight change, symptoms, dietary intake and activity ability; 2) evaluation of medical personnel including disease diagnosis, age, metabolic stress and physical examination. Total scores were from 0 to 35 points which could be categorized into the following triage ranges: 0 - 3, well nutrition (Grade A); 4 - 8, moderate malnutrition (Grade B); and 9 or above, severely malnutrition (Grade C). Among them, Grad B and Grade C were combined as malnutrition. The too was with good reliability and validity, of which, Cronbach’s α was 0.64, the sensitivity 98% and the specificity 82% [9] .

All questionnaires were filled in face to face manner. During the survey, participants answered and recorded in the request according to their actual diet after explaining the content of the questionnaires. 110 questionnaires were allocated to patients with IBD. Among them, 6 cases withdrew from the study because of the aggravation of illness. The rate of recovery was 94.5%.

2.3. Analysis

All data were processed using SPSS statistics version 19.0. The count data was described as proportion. The measure data was described as mean ± standard deviation or the maximum, minimum and the median depended on the feature of data. Univariate analysis was analyzed by chi-square test and Fisher exact test, and the multiple-factor analysis was dealt with the logistic regression analysis. In addition, the relationship between dietary belief and eating habits was analyzed by bivariate correlation analysis.

3. Results

3.1. General Information

Among 104 cases with IBD, the age was between 18 and 85 years old, the median was 56 years old. 31 cases (29.8%) were 44 years old or below, 34 cases (31.7%) were between 45 and 59 years old and 39 cases (38.5%) were 60 years old or above. 39 (37.5%) cases were junior school or below and 65 cases (62.5%) were high school or above. Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) were 77 cases (74.0%) and those with Crohn’s disease were 27 cases (26.0%). The duration of 66 cases (51.0%) was 3 years or below and 38 cases (49.0%) was 4 years or above. In addition, the IBD of 46 cases (44.2%) were at remission and 58cases (55.8%) were at active stage (Table 1). There was no significant difference between UC and CD in general information (P > 0.05).

Table 1

Demographic information of patients with IBD (n = 104)

Categories		Frequency (n)	Proportion (%)
Sex	Male	62	59.6
	Female	42	40.4
Age	18 - 44	31	29.8
	45 - 59	33	31.7
	≥60	40	38.5
Culture degree	Junior school or below	39	37.5
	High school or above	65	62.5
Duration	≤3	53	51.0
	≥4	51	49.0
Type of disease	UC	77	74.0
	CD	27	26.0
Disease activity index	Remission	46	44.2
	Activity	58	55.8

3.2. Situation of Patients’ Dietary Behavior

3.2.1. Dietary Belief

Among 104 cases, well dietary belief were 58 cases (55.8%), the poor were 46 cases (44.2%)) among which the general were 5 cases (4.8%) and the weak were 41 cases (39.4%).

3.2.2. Eating Habits

In participants, good eating habits were 33 cases (31.7%), the general were 25 cases (24.0%) and the poor were 46 (44.2%).

3.2.3. Dietary Pattern

The adequate intake of carbohydrate, protein and fat were separately36 cases (34.6%), 25 cases (24.0%) and 33 cases (31.7%) while the deficiency intake were 68 cases (65.4%), 79 cases (76.0%) and 71 cases (68.3%). The definite situation of dietary intake was shown in Table 2.

3.2.4. Relationship of Dietary Belief, Eating Habits and Dietary Pattern

According to Pearson chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test, dietary belief had something with eating habits while eating habits could affect dietary pattern(P < 0.05) (Table 3, Table 4). It suggested that the score of dietary belief had positive relation to that of eating habits based on bivariate correlation analysis (r = 0.341, P < 0.05) (Table 5).

Table 2

Dietary intake situation of patients with IBD (n = 104)

Categories	Contents		Dietary intake frequency
			Always	Often	Sometime	Occasionally	Never
Carbohydrate		Rice	46 (44.2)	44 (42.3)	12 (11.5)	2 (1.9)	0 (0.0)
		Wheat	6 (5.8)	34 (32.7)	35 (33.7)	26 (25.0)	3 (2.9)
		Corn	0 (0.0)	5 (4.8)	12 (11.5)	60 (57.7)	27 (26.0)
		Starchy	1 1.0)	18 (17.3)	35 (33.7)	26 (25.0)	24 (23.1)
Protein		Milk and products	3 (2.9)	10 (9.6)	12 (11.5)	15 (14.4)	64 (61.5)
		Beans and products	14 (13.5)	36 (34.6)	17 (16.3)	25 (24.0)	12 (11.5)
		Eggs	21 (20.2)	47 (45.2)	17 (16.3)	18 (17.3)	1 (1.0)
		Red meat	13 (12.5)	33 (31.7)	22 (21.2)	28 (26.9)	8 (7.7)
		Poultry meat	12 (11.5)	42 (40.4)	26 (25.0)	14 (13.5)	10 (9.6)
		Fish	14 (13.5)	50 (48.1)	17 (16.3)	10 (9.6)	13 (12.5)
		River shrimp and crab	1 (1.0)	19 (18.3)	21 (20.2)	28 (26.9)	35 (33.7)
Fat		Visceral food	0 (0.0)	9 (8.7)	24 (23.1)	45 (43.3)	26 (25.0)
		Greasiness	0 (0.0)	4 (3.8)	17 (16.3)	58 (55.8)	25 (24.0)
Fiber		Coarse grain	4 (3.8)	12 (11.5)	23 (22.1)	31 (29.8)	34 (32.7)
		Fruit and vegetables	4 (3.8)	25 (24.0)	18 (17.3)	29 (27.9)	28 (26.9)
Supplement		Vitamins and trace elements	0 (0.0)	13 (12.5)	16 (15.4)	4 (3.8)	71 (68.3)

Table 3

Compared dietary belief and eating habits (n = 104)

Categories		Total	Eating habits			χ2	P
			Good	General	Poor
Dietary belief	Well	58	26	14	18	12.252	0.002**
	Poor	46	7	11	28
Total		104	33	25	46

**P < 0.01.

Table 4

Compared eating habit and dietary pattern (n = 104)

Categories	Carbohydrate		Protein		Fat
	Adequate	Deficiency	Adequate	Deficiency	Adequate	Deficiency
Eating habits
Poor	16	30	15	31	27	19
General	12	13	9	16	5	20
Good	8	25	1	32	1	32
χ2	3.548		11.785		29.577
P	0.170		0.003**		0.000**

**P < 0.01.

Table 5

Correlation analysis between the score of dietary belief and eating habits

Variable	r	p
Dietary belief	0.341	0.000**

**P < 0.01.

3.3. Univariate Analysis of Dietary Behavior

3.3.1. Comparing Dietary Belief of Different Patients

According to Pearson chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test, the difference of dietary belief in patients in different duration of IBD was significant (P < 0.05) (Table 6).

3.3.2. Comparing Eating Habits of Different Patients

According to Pearson chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test, the culture degree and duration of IBD were related to eating habits (P < 0.05) (Table 7).

3.3.3. Comparing Dietary Pattern of Different Patients

According to Pearson chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test, the dietary pattern distributed in the different sex, culture degree and duration of IBD was significantly different (P < 0.05) (Table 8).

3.4. Multiple-Factor Analysis of Dietary Behavior

3.4.1. Dietary Belief

According to logistic regression analysis, the duration of IBD is the independent factor of dietary belief (Table 9).

3.4.2. Eating Habits

The results suggest that the culture degree and duration are independent factors of eating habits (Table 10).

3.4.3. Dietary Pattern

According to the logistic regression analysis, duration of IBD can influence the intake of protein while the sex and the duration affect the intake of fat (Table 11).

3.5. Nutrition Status

Based on PG-SGA, there were 25 cases with Grade A accounted for 24.1%, 56 cases with Grade B for 53.8% and 23 cases with Grade C for 22.1%.

4. Discussion

4.1. Dietary Behavior of Patients with IBD

4.1.1. Dietary Belief

Whether you own correct dietary belief decides the efforts and persistence of behabior during diet management.

Table 6

Dietary belief situation of different patients with IBD (n = 104)

Categories		Dietary belief			χ2	P
		Poor	Well
Sex	Male	26	36	0.328		0.688
	Female	20	22
Age	18 - 44	18	13	3.453		0.178
	45 - 59	13	20
	≥60	15	25
Culture degree	Junior school or below	14	25	1.757		0.223
	High school or above	32	33
Type of disease	UC	32	45	0.859		0.377
	CD	14	13
Duration	≤3	30	23	6.708		0.010*
	≥4	16	35
Disease activity index	Remission	22	23	0.698		0.404
	Activity	24	35

*P < 0.05.

Table 7

Eating habits of different patients with IBD (n = 104)

Categories		Eating habits			χ2	P
		Poor	General	Good
Sex	Male	30	15	17	1.501	0.472
	Female	16	10	16
Age	18 - 44	16	9	6	3.547	0.471
	45 - 59	14	8	11
	≥60	16	8	16
Culture degree	Junior school or below	11	8	20	11.463	0.003**
	High school or above	35	17	13
Type of disease	UC	32	20	25	0.992	0.609
	CD	14	5	8
Duration	≤3	35	11	7	29.791	0.000**
	≥4	11	14	26
Disease activity index	Remission	22	10	13	0.700	0.705
	Activity	24	15	20

**P < 0.01.

In this study, 44.2% of participants were with weak dietary belief, mainly reflected in that they thought it had nothing between diet and IBD, ignored the collocation of dietary nutrition or thought there was no necessary to obey doctors’ dietary therapy. This reflected that patients could not understand the relationship between diet and IBD. Ying Zhu [10] pointed that above 60% of patients with IBD were lack of related dietary knowledge. It suggested that the health education should be strengthened to improve patients’ dietary belief. Malik [11] pointed out that an internet forum about self-help management on IBD promoted the level of knowledge and improve and further to improve dietary belief through communicating with patients timely and effectively.

Table 8

Dietary pattern of different patients with IBD (n = 104)

Categories	Carbohydrate		Protein		Fat
	Deficiency	Adequate	Deficiency	Adequate	Deficiency	Adequate
Sex
Male	41	21	46	16	37	25*
Female	27	15	33	9	34	8
Age
18 - 44	18	13*	22	9	22	9
45 - 59	18	15	26	7	20	13
≥60	32	8	31	9	29	11
Culture degree
junior school or below	31	8*	32	7	30	9
high school or above	37	28	47	18	41	24
Type of disease
UC	50	27	58	19	52	25
CD	18	9	21	6	19	8
Duration
≤3	35	18	34	19**	31	22*
≥4	33	18	45	6	40	11
Disease activity index
Remission	28	17	37	8	30	15
Activity	40	19	42	17	41	18

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

Table 9

Multiple-factor analysis of dietary belief

Variable	B	S.E	Wals	P	Exp (B)	95% CI
Duration	1.048	0.410	6.548	0.011*	2.853	[1.278, 6.370]

*P < 0.05.

Table 10

Multiple-factor analysis of eating habits

Variables	B	S.E	Wals	P	95% CI
Culture degree	1.263	0.416	9.234	0.002**	[0.448, 2.078]
Duration	1.947	0.418	21.670	0.000**	[2.767,1.127]

**P < 0.01.

Table 11

Multiple-factor analysis of dietary pattern

Dietary pattern	Variables	B	S.E	Wals	P	Exp (B)	95% CI
Carbohydrate	Age	−0.351	0.272	1.665	0.197	0.704	[0.413, 1.200]
	Culture degree	0.873	0.496	3.102	0.078	2.394	[0.906, 6.325]
Protein	Duration	−1.433	0.521	7.579	0.006**	0.239	[0.086, 0.662]
Fat	Sex	−1.089	0.482	5.108	0.024*	0.336	[0.131, 0.865]
	Duration	-0.983	0.453	4.719	0.030*	0.374	[0.154, 0.908]

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

4.1.2. Eating Habits

Eating habits refers to the preference for food built for a long time in daily life. This study suggested that there were only 31.7% of participants with good eating habits. Because majority of participants ate irregularly or outside, drunk, smoked or ate snacks, seafood and so on. These may be related to the lack of knowledge about diet or poor ability of self-management on the disease [12] . Whether the eating habits were good or not could directly affect dietary pattern. Christopher [13] pointed that it could aggravate symptoms of IBD if eating spicy or fried food too much. Spicy food could cause the recurrence of IBD resulting from irritating the intestinal wall to be congestive edema and cause the spasm of smooth muscle while sea food would aggravate IBD for some special protein in it which could act as antigen to result in allergic response [13] . It is essential for patients to develop good eating habits to control IBD. Yunxian Zhou [14] suggested that dietary diary could find bad eating habits, like 5.7% of subjects ate irregularly or ignored breakfast, and could provide the basis for individual self-management.

4.1.3. Dietary Pattern

Reasonable dietary pattern, mainly including the intake of food and the proportion of dietary nutrients, is one of four cornerstones to guarantee health. This study showed that even if the selection of food containing carbohydrate, protein and fat was reasonable, the amount of dietary intake was inadequate. In 104 cases, the proportion of the deficient intake of carbohydrate, protein and fat were separately 65.4%, 76.0% and 68.3%, among which the insufficient intake of protein was rather obvious. These may be caused by excessive limitation of eating in case of the recurrence of IBD. Patients with IBD easily developed malnutrition due to unreasonable dietary pattern together with intestinal inflammation. This study suggested that patients should pay more attention on the intake of diet and adjust dietary therapy properly. If necessary, nutritional supplements or intestinal nutrition can be selected to improve nutrition status and promote the recovery of the disease.

4.1.4. The Relationship between Dietary Belief, Eating Habits and Dietary Pattern

This study suggested that scores of dietary belief and eating habits had positive correlation (P < 0.05). Xianhong Han [15] found that patients with well dietary belief often had good eating habits. When someone aware that the behavior is beneficial to treat disease, he or she can actively adjust their diet and develop good eating habits. Dietary belief plays an important role in the process of self-management [16] . Cuiping Cheng [17] found dietary health belief could help control the intake of sweet, fried and so on through surveying the dietary behavior of 992 cases. In addition, eating habits could affect dietary pattern, especially the intake of protein and fat (P < 0.05). Patients with good eating habits tend to be more concerned about dietary which may aggravate IBD to control the disease. But among participants with good eating habits, the adequate intake of protein was only accounted for 3.0% while the fat was 3.0%. This may be resulted from strictly restricting intake of food such protein and fatty food for fear that improper diet triggering the recurrence of IBD. Jowett [18] [19] pointed that excessive intake of protein and fat could increase the burden of gastrointestinal and induce inflammation to aggravate IBD. However, eating too less could result in malnutrition likely further to reduce immunity and even prevent intestinal mucosal from healing. So, the management measures should be applied into adjust dietary pattern actually, including the selection of food and the intake of diet.

4.2. Influence Factors of Dietary Behavior in Patients with IBD

4.2.1. Duration

IBD is a recurrent chronic disease. This study suggested duration was an independent factor of dietary behavior affecting dietary belief and eating habits (P < 0.05). The longer the duration was, the better the dietary belief and eating habits were. The reasons included that: 1) patients with longer duration relatively accepted more guidance and attained more knowledge about diet; 2) with the extension of duration, patients had much experience in managing their dietary behavior to control disease. It suggests that patients with short-term duration should be paid more attention. If necessary, discharge nursing service can be provided [20] .

4.2.2. Level of Education

This study showed that the level of education was an independent factor for eating habits (P < 0.05), which was consistent with the study of Ying Zhu [10] . Patients with high level of education usually are with good eating habits. The reasons may be that people with higher degree of education not only owned good knowledge and paid much attention on their health, but also had more access to information of disease, could understand and accept new knowledge easier and were more able to take activity in time. Simple, clear and targeted dietary guidance should be supported, especially for patients with lower level of education, such as giving healthy handbook. Huafen Wang [21] pointed that network interaction education could promote the patients to participate in the management of disease to develop good eating habits.

4.2.3. Sex

In this study, the intake of fat in males was more than that in females and sex was an influence factor of dietary pattern (P < 0.05). Xiqian Zhu [22] put forward that the intake of diet in males was normally more than that in females. This reason may be that males need more supplements due to faster metabolism while females easily reduce the consumption of meat to maintain their image or even lose weight [23] .

4.3. Situation of Nutrition

According to PG-SGA, there were 75.9% of participants along with malnutrition which was consistent with the result of the research done by Wenying He [24] . The epidemiological studies in China showed that the incidence of malnutrition in patients with IBD was from 75% to 85% while that was from 20% to 85% in the foreign [25] - [28] . As known, malnutrition could reduce immunity, increase the incidence of complications and decrease the quality of life [29] . This may be caused by insufficient intake, obstacle intestinal absorption, loss of nutrition, excessive consumption of the body and so on, among which insufficient intake was main reason [7] [29] . In addition, the deficient intake of protein was more obvious than carbohydrate and fat. Therefore, it should encourage patients to choice and adjust diet rationally to avoid restricting intake too seriously. In addition, enteral and parenteral nutrition could be accepted timely to improve patients’ nutritional status and promote the rehabilitation of IBD.

5. Conclusion

There are some problems existing patients with IBD, such as weak diet idea, poor diet habits and deficiency intake of three major nutrients. What is worse, majority of patients are combined with malnutrition. So, it should strengthen the management and health education of diet to develop good dietary behavior meeting the requirement of disease rehabilitation, especially paying attention on those who are female or along with lower level of education degree and short-term duration.

Conflict of Interest

Authors declare no potential conflicts of interest for this article.

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