Effect of Different Acidic Agents on Surface Roughness of Feldspathic Porcelain

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different acidic agents on surface roughness of feldspathic porcelain. Materials and Methods: In this study, totally 60 disc shaped Noritake and Ceramco 3 feldspathic porcelain were used. The samples were divided into five groups and immersed in five acidic agents (coke, orange juice, lemonade, mineral water and black-carrot juice). After 168 hours, the specimens were evaluated surface roughness with profilometer. Results: The results showed that the highest surface roughness value (4.46 ± 2.9 μm) was identified in lemonade at Noritake porcelain and the lowest surface roughness value (1.06 ± 0.56 μm) was identified in mineral water at Ceramco 3 porcelain. The result of two-way analysis of variance test showed that there were no statistically significant differences between acidic agents on surface roughness of feldspathic porcelain (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The obtained data presented that the acidic drinks affected the surface roughness of feldspathic porcelain.

• Feldspathic Porcelain
• Surface Roughness
• Acidic Agents

1. Introduction

Dental porcelains have esthetic properties, biocompatibility and wear resistance, so they are being used in dentistry [1] . However, porcelain fragile structure is decreased the using for many years. The fracture of on the porcelain surface and the degradation of surface finish, as opposed to the attrition on the teeth as well as increased accumulation of plaque causes. Rough porcelain surfaces significantly reduce the strength of ceramic restorations and make them prone to fracture [2] [3] .

Metal ceramic restorations are usually used in fixed prosthodontic. Feldspathic porcelains are usually used as a veneering material for metal ceramic restorations and provide excellent esthetics and compressive strength [4] . The mixture of potassium feldspar and glass is being in the feldspathic porcelains. After incongruent melting, feldspathic porcelains contain 19 weight percentage (wt%) of leucite crystals (K₂O∙Al₂O₃∙4SiO₂) [5] .

The composition, microstructure, chemical properties of the ceramic materials, erosive or acidic agents, may influence the durability of dental ceramics [6] . In daily life, we often use acidic agents in foods which are available. However, the consumption of acidic drinks that contain acid ratio is greater and heavily consumed by every segment of society. These acidic agents lead to attrition tooth and restorations because of their chemical structures. As a result, the accumulation of plaque and fractures occur in the restoration, so the restoration of the life is shortened.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different acidic agents on surface roughness of feldspathic porcelain. The hypothesis of this study was that the acidic agents would increase the roughness of feldspathic porcelain and depending on the type, acidic agents would be made of roughening differently.

2. Materials and Methods

In this study, totally 60 disc shaped specimens which were 2 mm thickness and 10 mm diameter of two different feldspathic porcelains Ceramco 3 (Dentsply, Burlington, New Jersey, USA), Noritake (Noritake Dental Supply Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan) were prepared.

Firstly, the wax models likeness specimens were prepared for the preparing porcelain specimens. Then, the wax models were immersed in elastomeric impression material. The wax models took out, after the impression material had hardened and the impression molds have been prepared for using porcelain specimens. After the isolation, the dentin and enamel porcelain were used in these molds and then vibrated, dried and fired. After the porcelain specimens had been prepared, the specimens were grinded with a diamond bur. Finally the specimens were over glazed (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein) and stored in distilled water at until use.

The specimens were divided into five groups randomly and numbered each specimen. Then, surface roughnesses of specimens were recorded by profilometer (Surtronic 25; Taylor Hobson, Leicester, UK) for control (Table 1). Afterwards, the porcelain specimens were immersed in five different acidic agents for 168 hours to

Table 1

Mean Ra value for porcelains before treatments (control, N = 6)

Porcelain	Acidic agent	Mean	Std. deviation
Noritake	Lemonade	0.88	0.47
	Mineral water	1.13	0.65
	Orange juice	0.96	0.40
	Black-carriot juice	1.06	0.32
	Coke	3.03	2.50
	Total	2.66	1.99
Ceramco 3	Lemonade	0.72	0.30
	Mineral water	1.26	0.37
	Orange juice	1.16	0.51
	Black-carriot juice	1.16	0.52
	Coke	0.86	0.56
	Total	1.04	0.48
Total	Lemonade	0.81	0.40
	Mineral water	1.20	0.50
	Orange juice	1.06	0.45
	Black-carriot juice	1.11	0.42
	Coke	1.16	0.78
	Total	1.07	0.53

test the effect of acidic agents in first week. The acidic agents were chosen to most used drinks in Turkey: Coke (Coca Cola, The Coca Cola Company, New York, USA), orange juice (Icim orange juice, Ulker, Sakarya, Turkey), lemonade (Camlica, Ulker, Usküdar, Turkey), black-carrot juice (Doganay, Adana, Turkey) and mineral water (Kizilcahamam, Ankara, Turkey) (Figure 1) (Table 2). The pH values of acidic agents were measured with pH meter at the laboratory of Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Erzurum, Turkey (Figure 2). Then, the all specimens were rinsed with distilled water and dried. The specimens were evaluated surface roughness with profilometer (Figure 3). The statistically analysis of obtained data was performed with use two-way analysis of variance test.

Table 2

The pH value of acidic agents

Acidic agents	Ingredients	pH value
Coke (Coca Cola, The Coca Cola Company, New York, USA)	Carnonated water, high fructose corn syrup, caramel color, phosphoric acid, natural flavors, caffeine	3.63
Orange juice (Icim orange juice, Ulker, Sakarya, Turkey)	Water, orange juice concentrate, fructose-glucose syrup, sugar, antioxidant (ascorbic acid)	4.53
Lemonade (Camlica, Ulker, Usküdar, Turkey)	Water, lemon juice concentrate sugar, fructose-glucose syrup, antioxidant (ascorbic acid), citric acid,	4.07
Black-carriot juice (Doganay, Adana, Turkey)	Water, black carriot, salt, boiled and pounded wheat, turnip, chili papper, preservative (sodium benzoate)	3.89
Mineral water (Kizilcahamam, Ankara, Turkey)	Different cations and anions	5.88

Figure 1

Acidic agents

Figure 2

pH value measuring of acidic agents

3. Results

The results of two-way analysis of variance test showed that there were not statistically significant differences between acidic agents on surface roughness of feldspathic porcelain (p > 0.05).

There were statistically significant differences between acidic agents (p < 0.05) (Table 3). The results showed that the highest surface roughness of value (4.46 ± 2.9 µm) was identified in lemonade at Noritake porcelain, the lowest surface roughness of value (1.06 ± 0.56 µm) was identified in mineral water at Ceramco 3 porcelain (Table 4).

4. Discussion

The hypothesis set as the premise of this study was not accepted, since the acidic agents were not affect surface roughness of feldspathic porcelain, but the other hypothesis was accepted, the type of acidic agents were affected surface roughness. The limitation of this study was that the acidic agents can rough the surface but it wasn’t statistically significant, and increasing of roughness was not proportional to the acidic character of agents.

Dental ceramic technology is one of the fastest growing areas of dental material research and development due to its ability to closely match natural tooth color, biocompatibility, high resistance to wear and chemical inertness [7] . It was commonly used in the construction of fixed prosthesis dental porcelain should have full contours and polished surfaces before the cemented to patients. Otherwise, the rough porcelain surface is prone to adhesion and retention of oral microorganisms causing excessive plaque accumulation, gingival irritation, increased surface staining and poor esthetics of the restored teeth and thereby increasing the risk of dental caries and periodontal disease [8] - [10] . The oral cavity is a complex, aqueous environment where the restorative material is in contact with saliva [11] [12] . In addition, other factors such as low pH due to acidic foods and drinks

Figure 3

Testing of surface roughness with profilometer

Table 3

The two-way analysis variance (ANOVA) test

Source	Type III Sum of Squares	Df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Corrected Model	1.432a	9	0.159	2.452	0.021
Intercept	5.036	1	5.036	77.625	0.000
Porcelain	0.108	1	0.108	1.668	0.202
Acidic Agents	0.718	4	0.179	2.765	0.037
Porcelain*Acidic Agents	0.606	4	0.151	2.335	0.068
Error	3.244	50	0.065
Total	9.711	60
Corrected Total	4.675	59

Table 4

Mean Ra value of acidic agents for porcelains (N = 6)

Porcelain	Acidic agent	Mean	Std. deviation
Noritake	Lemonade	4.46	2.90
	Mineral water	2.53	0.96
	Orange juice	1.76	0.68
	Black-carrot juice	1.53	0.65
	Coke	3.03	2.50
	Total	2.66	1.99
Ceramco 3	Lemonade	2.60	2.20
	Mineral water	1.06	0.56
	Orange juice	1.80	0.59
	Black-carrot juice	2.18	1.78
	Coke	3.23	1.59
	Total	2.17	1.58
Total	Lemonade	3.53	2.64
	Mineral water	1.80	1.07
	Orange juice	1.78	0.61
	Black-carrot juice	1.85	1.32
	Coke	3.13	2.00
	Total	2.42	1.80

may influence the material’s mechanical and physical characteristics [13] .

The availability and long-term success of prosthesis, depends upon the protection of the polished surface. The degradation of surface finish will cause the formation of surface cracks and after a while, leaving the porcelain metal sub-structure. In addition, surface deterioration will facilitate the involvement of plaque and microorganisms.

In the study, these drinks were selected because they are the favorite acidic drinks in our country. This is not too much work done on the subject in the literature. However Johansson et al. [14] , in a study with coke’s effect on dental erosion, compared potentially erosive habits between Saudi men with high and low indices of dental erosion. They reported that men with erosion consumed twice as much cola-type beverages, held beverages in their mouths 70% longer and were more likely to be mouth breathers than men without erosion [14] .

Unknown by a large segment of society, dental erosion is resulting in a significant loss of tooth surfaces; acidic foods and beverages such as fruit juice, energy drinks and cola drinks potential relationship is reported in many studies [15] .

After the lid is opened, coca cola and fruit juices lost gas and not changed the pH value which was reported in the studies [16] [17] . So, we stored the acidic agents in the covered cases and not changed the solutions.

5. Conclusion

With regard to the results, it was determined that acidic drinks statically were not affected to the surface roughness of feldspathic porcelain, but some acidic drinks had more surface roughening,

Acknowledgements

Presented as a poster at 38^th Annual Conference of the European Prosthodontic Association & 21^st Scientific Congress of the Turkish Prosthodontic and Implantology Association (EPA 2014) in Istanbul, Turkey, September 2014.

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