Ferns and Lycophytes in Two Areas of Ecotone between Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest in Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil

The aim of the present study was to present the wealth, ecological characteristics and the floristic similarity of ferns and lycophytes from two forest areas of the municipality of Campo Mour ?o, PR, Brazil. The vegetation of the municipality is characterized mainly by an ecotone between the Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest. We recorded 56 species, distributed in 31 genera and 16 families. The most representative families were Pteridaceae (14) and Polypodiaceae (11) and the wealthier genre was Thelypteris (6). The terricolous species were predominant (72%) and the preferential environments were riparian vegetation and forest interior (70%). The flora of Campo Mour ?o was more similar to the studies conducted in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and the cophenetic correlation coefficient (r = 0.9058) showed a consistent adjust. In the principal components analysis (PCA) the variance explained by the two principal components was 72.99%. The wealth found in this study corresponds to approximately 11.4% of the flora of ferns and lycophytes of Paraná. Future contributions are needed to increase the knowledge about the flora of ferns and lycophytes in areas of ecotone, mainly in the region of Campo Mour ?o, where the studies are scarce.

• Diversity
• Floristic
• Jaccard
• Similarity
• Lycophytes

1. Introduction

Until the beginning of the 1990s, ferns and lycophytes were treated as a single group of plants and generally classified as belonging to a single paraphyletic division, called Pteridophyte (Prado & Sylvestre, 2010) . Studies based on molecular phylogeny and morphology suggest that in order to properly reflect the evolution of “ferns” as a whole, these plants should be divided into two distinct groups: lycophytes and ferns (Pryer et al. 2001, 2004; Smith et al., 2006, 2008) .

As a result of the recognition of paraphyletic groups, several families started to have a lower number of genera and species, while others were united, becoming even larger (e.g. Hymenophyllopsidaceae and Cyatheaceae), and the evolutionary positioning of some groups, before uncertain, now has become more clear (Prado & Sylvestre, 2010) .

According to Moran (2004, 2008) , the diversity of these groups follows the gradient of latitudinal diversity, and in both hemispheres the number of species increases approximately thirty times from the poles toward the equator. The highest rates of endemism are found in mountainous areas, due to environmental heterogeneity found in these locations (Moran, 1995) . Its distribution is not uniform, and that areas such as the Brazilian Amazon Plain presents a much lower number of species in relation to mountainous areas, such as Ridge of Sea and the Andes, for example (Tryon, 1986; Moran, 1995) .

It is estimated that in the world there are approximately 1300 species of ferns and lycophytes (Moran, 2008) . In Brazil ferns and lycophytes consist of 1221 species, being the Atlantic Forest the wealthier biome, sheltering 834 species. The south and southeast regions of Brazil concentrate a high number of species, totaling approximately 827 species. In the state of Paraná ferns and lycophytes are represented by 492 species, distributed in 32 families and 103 genera (Prado & Sylvestre, 2014) .

On the study of the flora of ferns and lycophytes in Paraná, stand out: Cislinski (1996) , who conducted a survey of the genus Diplazium Sw.; Angely (1963) and Dombrowski (1972) which presented approximately 286 species distributed in 18 families; Cervi et al. (1987) , that conducted a survey of ferns in a forest with Araucaria; Dittrich et al. (2005) , who developed a survey in Pico do Marumbi State Park in an area of one hectare of Atlantic Forest, where they found 81 species of ferns; Schwartsburd & Labiak (2007) , which studied the ferns of Vila Velha State Park in Ponta Grossa, registering 152 species; Kozera et al. (2009), with a study of a Montane Ombrophilous Dense Forest in Morretes featuring 108 species; and Michelon & Labiak (2013) , that recorded 164 species of ferns and lycophytes in Guartelá State Park at Tibagi.

Ferns and lycophytes were also represented in several studies on vascular epiphytes in the state of Paraná, as Dittrich et al. (1999) ; Kersten & Silva (2001, 2002) ; Borgo et al. (2002); Borgo & Silva (2003) ; Gaiotto & Acra (2005) ; Cervi & Borgo (2007) ; Dettke et al. (2008) ; Kersten & Kuniyoshi (2009) ; Geraldino et al. (2010) ; Blum et al. (2011) ; Bianchi et al. (2012) and Bianchi & Kersten (2014) .

The aim of the present study was to present the wealth, ecological characteristics and floristic similarity of ferns and lycophytes in two forest areas of the municipality of Campo Mourão, PR, Brazil.

2. Material and Method

2.1. Study Area

The municipality of Campo Mourão located in the third Plateau of Paraná, in the Western Center mesoregion of Paraná, situated between the coordinates 23˚57'18.26'' and 24˚17'53.21'' South latitude and 52˚32'41.16'' and 52˚11'10.36'' West longitude (Figure 1). It has flat topography, slightly wavy and belongs to the hydrographic basin of Ivaí river, having as the most important tributary Campo river (Ibge, 1997) . The soils of the region are classified by the presence of five classes, all evolved from basalt. The most mature soils include Red Latosols and Red Nitosols, while Haplic Cambisols, Litolic and Regolithic Amesols are younger (Bognola et al., 2002; Embrapa, 2006) .

The climate of the region, in accordance with the climate classification of Köppen, is classified as Cfa: Mesothermal humid subtropical climate, with hot summers and infrequent frosts, with trend in the concentration of rainfall in summer months, without definite dry season, with the following annual averages: temperature of the hottest months higher than 22˚C and of coldest months below 18˚C; general temperature of approximately 20˚C; rainfall varies between 1300 and 1600 mm. relative air humidity of 75%; water index between levels 20 and 60; absence of water deficiency. The prevailing winds in the region are those of northeast quadrant, showing probability of frosts in winter months, when blowing from the south and southwest (Maack, 1968) .

Figure 1

Location map of the study area, municipality of Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil. Source: Maack (1950) ; adaptation: Roderjan et al. (2002)

Regarding vegetation, the municipality of Campo Mourão is characterized by a remarkable phytogeographic diversity, in which two types of forests occur interspersed with herbaceous and shrub formations, forming an ecotone area between the Montane Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and Montane Mixed Ombrophilous Forest. This is so because the altitudinal plateau of the municipality is conflicting with both phytogeographic units, being located approximately 630 meters under the sea level. The Semideciduous Seasonal Forest is situated at altitudes varying from 800 to 200 meters, and the formation of the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest occurs between 400 and 1000 meters of altitude (Roderjan et al., 2002) .

The study was conducted in two forest areas, Lago Azul State Park (LA) and Agape home (AH). LA is an important remaining of Montane Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and Montane Mixed Ombrophilous Forest, being the most representative area of this ecotone vegetation in the municipality of Campo Mourão. It has an area of 1749.01 ha and is located on the border with the municipality of Luiziana under the coordinates 24˚04' South latitude and 52˚20' West longitude. The AH area is also formed by ecotone vegetation, has an area relatively smaller than that of the park, with approximately 80 ha, however it presents a well preserved forest area and is located under the coordinates 24˚02' South latitude and 52˚22' West longitude.

2.2. Methodology

The collections of ferns and lycophytes were carried out by means of monthly hiking along the preferred environments of occurrence of each group. In the AH area collections occurred during the period from 2005 to 2006 and LA from 2006 to 2008. All ferns and lycophytes were collected and herborized following usual procedures in floristic surveys according to the methodology proposed by Windisch (1990) . The collection of epiphytic ferns occurred with high pruning scissors, through natural escalation of phorophyte, and eventually with the use of ladder. The terrestrial individuals were collected with the aid of a mattock or gardening shovel for extraction of the plant with the root.

The classification for families of ferns followed Smith et al. (2006) , with modifications presented in Smith et al. (2008) , and for the families of lycophytes followed Christenhusz et al. (2011) . For the names of the authors we adopted the system proposed by Pichi Sermolli (1996) . The identification key was deposited in the collection of the herbarium (HCF) of Federal Technological University of Paraná, campus Campo Mourão. The identifications were made by means of specialized literature, and by comparison with the aid of experts of the Botanical Museum City of Curitiba (herbarium MBM).

For the geographic distribution patterns of taxa, the system proposed by Schwartsburg & Labiak (2007) was adopted, according to which the species could be classified into: Introduced (species introduced from the Old World in the Americas and nowadays of sub-spontaneous occurrence), Brazilian (endemic species of Brazil), South American (species restricted to the countries of South America), American (species occurring in South America, Central America and eventually in North America) and Circum-antarctics (species occurring in America, Africa, Asia and/or Oceania).

The analysis of habits, ways of life and place of occurrence was based on field observations, in the descriptions of exsiccate and works of literature. For the analysis of floristic similarity an array “species × area” with presence/absence type binary data was drawn up. The wealth of ferns and lycophytes of Campo Mourão was compared to 15 other areas of interest, which made possible to construct a grouping type dendrogram (UPGMA) Unweighted Pair-Group Method Averages, using Jaccard as an index of similarity. The option for the use the Jaccard’s index was taken based on its wide use in studies of wealth and composition of vegetation.

For dendrogram construction variations regarding other coefficients of similarity measurement (e.g. Bray-Curtis, Average Euclidean Distance, Absolute Average Distance, Squared Euclidean Distance, Absolute Relative Distance) were performed, in order to check the reliability of the pattern of similarity. The Cophenetic Correlation Coefficient (CCC) was calculated, with the objective of verifying the consistency of the grouping. This coefficient translates the moment-product relation, calculated between the elements of the original matrix and those of the cophenetic matrix, resulting from the simplification provided by the grouping method, after the construction of the dendrogram. Values of CCC above 0.8 indicate good representativeness among distances (Bussad et al., 1990) . A Principal Components Analysis (PCA) based on ecological data of ferns and lycophytes of this study was also performed. The Monte Carlo test (99 permutations; p < 0.05) was used in the analysis to inform the likelihood of eigenvalues of the axes to have been or not distributed at random. Analyzes were carried out with the help of the software PAST v.3.02 (Hammer et al., 2001) .

For organization of the array of species, all taxa were reviewed in order to identify the “heterotypic synonyms”; such review was based on the database from the Species List of Brazilian Flora (2014) and the Missouri Botanical Garden (2014) .

3. Results

In the floristic survey were recorded 56 species, distributed in 31 genera and 16 families (Table 1). The most representative families were Pteridaceae (14 spp.) and Polypodiaceae (11 spp.), while Athyriaceae, Davalliaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Lygodiaceae and Osmundaceae were represented by only one species. The LA area was the one that presented the highest wealth with 44 species, being 16 exclusive. The AH obtained a wealth of 39 species, with 11 exclusive. The most abundant genera were Thelypteris (6 spp.), Doryopteris and Pteris (4 spp.) and Anemia, Asplenium, Blechnum, Adiantopsis, Pecluma and Pleopeltis (3 spp.). The total number of species listed in the two areas of study represents approximately 11.4% of the total estimated for Paraná.

Analyzing the way of life of ferns and lycophytes, it was noted that the majority of species were terricolous (40 spp.); epiphytes were 12 spp., rupicolous 3 spp. and there was only one hemi-epiphyte. In LA distribution was 32 terricolous, 9 epiphytes, 2 rupicolous and 1 hemi-epiphyte; while in the AH area distribution was 25 terricolous, 12 epiphytes and 2 rupicolous. Families that showed exclusively terricolous species were Athyriaceae, Blechnaceae, Cyatheaceae, Davalliaceae, Dennstaedtiaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Osmundaceae, Selaginellaceae, Tectariaceae and Thelypteridaceae, composing approximately 70% of the total of surveyed species. The epiphytes were more representative in the Polypodiaceae family with 10 species from a total of 12. Rupicolous ferns were represented by the Anemiaceae family and by one species of the Pteridaceae family. The only hemi-epiphyte found was Lygodium volubile (Lygodiaceae).

These results were very similar to those found by Schmitt et al. (2006) in a survey conducted in the National Forest of Canela in Rio Grande do Sul, where a total of 58 species, 32 genera and 17 families was recorded. In such study the Polypodiaceae family was one of the weathiest with 10 spp. and the genus Thelypteris presented wealth of 6 spp. Gonzatti et al. (2014) , in their research performed in a Seasonal Deciduous Forest of Gaúcha Ridge, RS, Brazil, found 70 species distributed in 38 genera and 18 families, in that study the terricolous species presented a value close to the one found in Campo Mourão, with 75% of the total. The study of Lehn et al. (2009) , performed in a Seasonal Deciduous Forest in the Taquari River Valley, RS, Brazil, presented 56 species, 36 genera and 15 families, being observed that 75% of species occurred in terricolous habit and from 21 to 25% as epiphytes. The most abundant families were also Polypodiaceae and Pteridaceae. In the study by Schmitt & Goetz (2010) 62 species distributed in 36 genera and 16 families were observed, terricolous ferns comprised 76% of the total species, followed by (19%) epiphytes and (5%) rupicolous.

Regarding the places of occurrence of ferns and lycophytes, the areas of riparian vegetation and interior of forest were the environments that showed greater wealth, with respectively 20 and 19 spp. The forest edge areas

Table 1

Ferns and lycophytes occurring in the areas of study: (AH) Agape home, (LA) Lago Azul State Park. Forms of life (FL): Terricolous (Ter), Rupicolous (Rup), Epiphytes (Epf), Hemi-epiphytes (Hpf); Place of occurrence (PO): Edge of forest (Edf), Inside of forest (Inf), Riparian vegetation (Rvg), Outcrop of basalt rock (Abr); Habit (HB): Herbaceous (Hrb), Sub-arborescent (Sub), Scandent herbaceous (Sca); Standard Geographical Distribution (SG): Introduced Old World (Int), Endemic of Brazil (Bra), South America (Sou), American (Ame), Circum-antarctics (Cir)

Taxa (56)	Study areas		Ecological observations				HCF
	AH	LA	FL	PO	HB	SG
ANEMIACEAE (3)
Anemia phyllitidis (L.) Sw.	x	x	Ter	Rvg	Hrb	Ame	3661
Anemia raddiana Link.		x	Rup	Abr	Hrb	Sou	4780
Anemia tomentosa (Savigny) Sw.	x		Rup	Abr	Hrb	Ame	3662
ASPLENIACEAE (4)
Asplenium claussenii Hieron.	x	x	Ter	Rvg	Hrb	Ame	3648
Asplenium gastonis Fée		x	Ter	Inf	Hrb	Sou	5668
Aspleniumscandicinum Kaulf.	x		Epf	Inf	Hrb	Sou	4053
Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J. Sm.	x	x	Ter	Inf	Hrb	Cir	4157
ATHYRIACEAE (1)
Diplazium cristatum (Desr.) Alson		x	Ter	Rvg	Hrb	Ame	4748
BLECHNACEAE (3)
Blechnum brasiliense Desv.	x	x	Ter	Rvg	Hrb	Sou	3667
Blechnum gracile Kaulf.	x		Ter	Rvg	Hrb	Sou	3684
Blechnum polypodioides Raddi	x	x	Ter	Rvg	Hrb	Sou	3670
CYATEACEAE (2)
Cyathea atrovirens (Langsd. & Fisch.) Domin	x	x	Ter	Rvg	Sub	Sou	4160
Cyathea delgadii Sternb.	x	x	Ter	Rvg	Sub	Sou	4677
DAVALLIACEAE (1)
Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott.		x	Ter	Abr	Hrb	Cir	4772
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE (2)
Dennstaedtia dissecta (Sw.) T. Moore	x		Ter	Inf	Hrb	Ame	4163
Pteridium arachnoideum (Kaulf.) Maxon	x	x	Ter	Edf	Hrb	Ame	6642
DRYOPTERIDACEAE (3)
Ctenitis submarginalis (Langsd. & Fisch.) Ching.	x	x	Ter	Inf	Hrb	Ame	4784
Lastreopsis effusa (Sw.) Tindale	x	x	Ter	Inf	Hrb	Ame	4159
Megalastrum connexum (Kaulf.) A.R. Sm. & R.C. Moran	x		Ter	Rvg	Hrb	Sou	4156
GLEICHENIACEAE (1)
Sticherus penniger (Mart.) Copel	x		Ter	Rvg	Hrb	Ame	4162
LYGODIACEAE (1)
Lygodium volubile Sw.		x	Hpf	Inf	Sca	Cir	5661
OSMUNDACEAE (1)
Osmunda regalis L.		x	Ter	Rvg	Hrb	Cir	4935
POLYPODIACEAE (11)
Campyloneurum nitidum (Kaulf.) C. Presl	x	x	Epf	Inf	Hrb	Sou	3651

Microgrammasquamulosa (Kaulf.) de la Sota	x	x	Epf	Edf	Hrb	Ame	2787
Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellinger	x	x	Epf	Inf	Hrb	Ame	3678
Pecluma paradiseae (Langsd. & Fisch.) M.G. Price	x		Ter	Inf	Hrb	Bra	3686
Pecluma pectinatiformis (Lindm.) M.G. Price	x		Epf	Edf	Hrb	Sou	3605
Pecluma sicca (Lindm.) M.G. Price	x	x	Epf	Edf	Hrb	Sou	4122
Pecluma truncorum (Lindm.) M.G. Price		x	Epf	Inf	Hrb	Sou	5906
Pleopeltis hirsutissima (Raddi) de la Sota	x	x	Epf	Edf	Hrb	Sou	4997
Pleopeltis pleopeltifolia (Raddi) Alston	x	x	Epf	Edf	Hrb	Sou	2810
Pleopeltis minima (Bory) J. Prado & R.Y. Hirai	x	x	Epf	Edf	Hrb	Sou	3273
Serpocaulon latipes (Langsd. & Fisch.) A.R. Sm	x		Epf	Rvg	Hrb	Ame	4153
PTERIDACEAE (14)
Adiantopsis chlorophylla (Sw.) Fée	x	x	Rup	Abr	Hrb	Sou	3664
Adiantopsis radiata (L.) Fée	x	x	Ter	Edf	Hrb	Ame	3266
Adiantum raddianum C. Presl.		x	Ter	Edf	Hrb	Sou	7146
Adiantum tetraphillum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd		x	Ter	Rvg	Hrb	Ame	6632
Doryopteris concolor (Langsd. & Fisch.) J. Sm		x	Ter	Inf	Hrb	Sou	4779
Doryopteris nobilis (T. Moore) C. Chr.	x	x	Ter	Inf	Hrb	Sou	3685
Doryopteris pedata var. multipartita (Fée) R.M. Tryon	x	x	Ter	Inf	Hrb	Sou	3665
Doryopteris pentagona Pic. Serm		x	Ter	Abr	Hrb	Sou	4742
Pityrogramma trifoliata (L.) R.M. Tryon		x	Ter	Inf	Hrb	Ame	5005
Pteris brasiliensis Raddi		x	Ter	Inf	Hrb	Sou	5043
Pteris deflexa Link	x	x	Ter	Rvg	Hrb	Ame	4678
Pteris denticulata Sw.	x		Ter	Rvg	Hrb	Ame	4054
Pteris lechleri Mett.	x	x	Ter	Rvg	Hrb	Ame	3683
Vittaria lineata (L.) J. Smith	x	x	Epf	Inf	Hrb	Ame	4055
SELAGINELLACEAE (1)
Selaginellasulcata (Desv. ex Poir.) Spring ex. Mart.	x	x	Ter	Edf	Hrb	Sou	4170
TECTARIACEAE (2)
Tectaria incisa Cav.	x	x	Ter	Inf	Hrb	Ame	4158
Tectaria trifoliata (L.) Cav.		x	Ter	Inf	Hrb	Sou	5659
THELYPTERIDACEAE (6)
Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) E.P. St. John	x	x	Ter	Edf	Hrb	Int	4154
Thelypteris interrupta (Willd.) K. Iwats		x	Ter	Edf	Hrb	Cir	5671
Thelypteris opposita (Vahl) Ching	x		Ter	Rvg	Hrb	Ame	4152
Thelypteris rivularioides (Fée) Abbiatti		x	Ter	Rvg	Hrb	Sou	6607
Thelypteris salzmannii (Fée) C.V. Morton		x	Ter	Rvg	Hrb	Sou	4883
Thelypteris serrata (Cav.) Alston	x		Ter	Rvg	Hrb	Ame	4051

registered 12 spp. and the outcrops of basalt rock, 5 spp. Athyriaceae, Blechnaceae, Cyatheaceae, Gleicheniaceae and Osmundaceae families were exclusive of areas of riparian vegetation, Lygodiaceae and Tectariaceae occurred exclusively in the interior of forest. The species that occurred in outcrop of basalt rock were repre- sented by Anemiaceae (2 spp.), Pteridaceae (2 spp.) and Davalliaceae (1 spp.) families. The only family exclusive of forest edge was Selaginellaceae with Selaginella sulcata.

Most ferns and lycophytes found in this study were classified as South American and American, according to the pattern of geographical distribution, showing respectively 27 and 22 spp. Only five were classified Circum- antarctic. Thelypteris dentata was the only fern classified as Introduced, and only Pecluma paradiseae as endemic to Brazil, having occurred only in the AH area.

For the analysis of the floristic similarity were selected some studies of interest on ferns and lycophytes carried out in the South and Southeast regions of the country, where there is occurrence of Seasonal and Ombrophilous Forests, in addition to Grasslands and Cerrado (Table 2) areas. For this analysis there were no significant differences in the pattern of similarity when tested other indexes.

The grouping analysis (Figure 2) revealed the formation of three main groups in the dendrogram. The first group, located to the left of the dendrogram, is composed by areas 03, 01 and 02, which were the wealthiest among the studies of Paraná. Areas 01 and 02 have geographical proximity (approximately 80 Km) and are located in the region of “campos gerais”, being one in Tibagi (02) and the other in Ponta Grossa (01). They have similarity both in the type of vegetation (Grasslands and MOF) and in number of species found (164 and 152, respectively). The area (03) located in the municipality of Morretes is in coastal area and presents DOF characteristic vegetation, but resembles the other ones by the presence of MOF.

Figure 2

Dendrogram of floristic similarity obtained by the method of non-weighted average (UPGMA) based on Jaccard’s index, among the 16 areas of interest. 01: Vila Velha State Park, PR; 02: Guartelá State Park, PR; 03: Pico do Marumbi State Park, PR; 04: Campo Mourão, PR; 05: Mun. Botanical Garden of Bauru, SP; 06: Vassununga State Park, SP; 07: State Reserve of Águas da Prata, SP; 08: Urban Park, RS; 09: National Forest of Canela, RS; 10: Harmonia Hill, RS; 11: Taquari River Valley, RS; 12: Gaúcha Ridge, RS; 13: Cadeia River, RS; 14: Sinos River Basin, RS; 15: Mun. Natural Park of Ronda, RS; 16: Mun. Park Henrique L. Roessler, RS

Table 2

Relationship of the areas used in the study of similarity. GSL: Grasslands; CER: Cerrado; SDF: Seasonal Deciduous Forest; SSF: Seasonal Semideciduous Forest; DOF: Dense Ombrophilous Forest; MOF: Mixed Ombrophilous Forest

N˚	Study areas	Vegetation type	N˚ Spp.	References
01	Vila Velha State Park, PR	GSL/MOF	152	Schwartsburd & Labiak (2007)
02	Guartelá State Park, PR	GSL/MOF	164	Michelon & Labiak (2013)
03	Pico do Marumbi State Park, PR	DOF/MOF	81	Dittrich et al. (2005)
04	Campo Mourão, PR	SSF/MOF	56	This study
05	Mun. Botanical Garden of Bauru, SP	SSF/CER	49	Nóbrega & Prado (2008)
06	Vassununga State Park, SP	SSF	34	Colli et al. (2004)
07	State Reserve of Águas da Prata, SP	SSF	39	Colli et al. (2007)
08	Urban Park, RS	GSL/MOF	81	Goetz et al. (2012)
09	National Forest of Canela, RS	GSL/MOF	58	Schmitt et al. (2006)
10	Harmonia Hill, RS	SSF/MOF	71	Steffens & Windisch (2007)
11	Taquari River Valley, RS	SDF	56	Lehn et al. (2009)
12	Gaúcha Ridge, RS	SDF	74	Gonzatti et al. (2014)
13	Cadeia River, RS	SSF	40	Mallmann & Schmit (2014)
14	Sinos River Basin, RS	DOF/MOF	62	Becker et al. (2013)
15	Mun. Natural Park of Ronda, RS	MOF	42	Blume et al. (2010)
16	Mun. Park Henrique L. Roessler, RS	SSF	43	Schmitt & Goetz (2010)

The second group located in the center of the dendrogram, covers a larger number of areas (15, 13, 09, 08, 16, 11, 14, 12, 10) and includes all the surveys conducted in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Among the vegetation present in these areas are SSF, MOF, SDF, DOF and FDL. In this group occurs also the formation of two sub- groups, one covering the areas 15, 13, 09 and 08, being the most similar ones and with the predominance of MOF, and the other with the areas 16, 11, 14, 12 and 10 having predominance of SDF/SSF. All areas of RS present geographical proximity, being concentrated in a radius of 130 Km, in the metropolitan mesoregion of Porto Alegre.

A third group can be observed on the right side of the dendrogram, composed of only two areas (07 and 06), both located in the state of São Paulo and with the occurrence of SSF. The number of species recorded in these areas was also very similar (39 and 34 spp., respectively). The area of Campo Mourão, PR (04), together with Bauru, SP (05), showed low rates of similarities and had no well-defined groups.

Regarding the similarity index, it can be observed (Table 3) that there were variations between 0.0424 and 0.5619. The highest floristic similarities occurred between areas 01 and 02 (56%), 15 and 13 (53%) and 09 and 08 (51%). According to Magurran (2004) a similarity (>0.5) is considered to be high, and the closer the value to 1, the higher the similarity.

Analyzing Figure 2, it is observed that the area of Campo Mourão had greater similarity with the group of Rio Grande do Sul, and Jaccard’s index presented variations from 0.1351 to 0.2766. The authors Müller-Dom- bois & Ellenberg (1974) suggest that the Jaccard’s index should present at least 25% of common species between two communities, so that occurs the floristic similarity. In this way, it can be said that there was similarity of Campo Mourão only with areas 07 (26%), 16 (25%), 11 (27%), 14 (25%), 12 (27%) and 10 (28%). Area 5 obtained all similarity index lower than 20%. The Cophenetic Correlation Coefficient (r = 0.9058) presented high adjustment between the graphical representation of the distances in the dendrogram and its original matrix.

Low similarity found in this study was already expected, and is justified by the low number of studies cited for Paraná, and also by the different vegetation types found in most areas. Studies on ferns and lycophytes in areas of ecotone involving the biomes SSF/MOF are still scarce in Paraná, mainly in the region of Campo Mourão, and this relatively makes the performance of comparative studies difficult.

Table 3

Similarity matrix (Jaccard) between the 16 areas of study

	04	05	07	06	03	15	16	13	11	09	14	12	10	08	01	02
04	1.0000
05	0.2299	1.0000
07	0.2568	0.1688	1.0000
06	0.1733	0.0759	0.3922	1.0000
03	0.1351	0.0424	0.1010	0.1183	1.0000
15	0.1687	0.0805	0.0811	0.0563	0.1771	1.0000
16	0.2468	0.1923	0.1618	0.1045	0.1200	0.2969	1.0000
13	0.2208	0.1235	0.1159	0.0909	0.1000	0.5283	0.3333	1.0000
11	0.2674	0.1778	0.1795	0.1299	0.1364	0.2308	0.3380	0.2400	1.0000
09	0.2043	0.1474	0.1177	0.0843	0.1228	0.3562	0.4412	0.3714	0.3374	1.0000
14	0.2528	0.1684	0.1548	0.1220	0.1404	0.2785	0.3514	0.2895	0.3452	0.3488	1.0000
12	0.2680	0.1651	0.2184	0.1744	0.1120	0.2360	0.3457	0.3049	0.3118	0.3441	0.4111	1.0000
10	0.2766	0.1471	0.2410	0.1529	0.1525	0.2442	0.3947	0.2683	0.4512	0.3407	0.3933	0.4615	1.0000
08	0.2273	0.1892	0.1569	0.0971	0.1890	0.5062	0.3297	0.4000	0.3400	0.5055	0.3628	0.3455	0.3303	1.0000
01	0.2317	0.1706	0.1145	0.1043	0.2316	0.1813	0.1899	0.1698	0.2256	0.2515	0.2118	0.2356	0.2254	0.2971	1.0000
02	0.2197	0.1620	0.0960	0.1053	0.2682	0.1716	0.1868	0.1607	0.2209	0.2102	0.2286	0.2240	0.2077	0.2967	0.5619	1.0000

The study of Dittrich et al. (2005) , carried out in Pico do Marumbi State Park, PR, Brazil, occurred in a location with presence of DOF/MOF revealing a wealth of 81 species in a small area of 1 ha. This high wealth in such a small area can be related to the fact that DOF is predominant on the site, directly influencing the results of the study. According to Prado (1998) , the main center of endemism in Brazil for this group of plants is located within the limits of the Atlantic Woods, especially in the South and Southeast regions of the country. It is estimated that there are approximately 253 species of ferns and lycophytes in this biome only in the state of Paraná (Prado & Sylvestre, 2014) .

Blum et al. (2011) investigated the wealth of vascular epiphytes in Prata Ridge in the municipality of Morretes, PR, Brazil, in an area of 6.3 ha with occurrence of DOF. In this study the ferns and epiphytic lycophytes were responsible for 74 species, 30 genera and 10 families. By analyzing these data it can be said that areas of DOF are so wealthy that the ferns epiphytes found in Morretes by themselves have greater wealth than those of many studies on ferns and lycophytes, in a general way, in other forest formations of Paraná.

Besides the vegetable typologies, other factors that may also influence the wealth of ferns and lycophytes are the different phyto-physiognomic configurations and geological characteristics of certain environments (e.g. grassland vegetation, cerrado, rupestrian and arenitic areas), thatare often associated with forest formations. This can be observed, for example, in the study of Michelon & Labiak (2013) who recorded 164 species, of which approximately 32% were characteristic of grassland vegetation. In the study of Schwrtsburg & Labiak (2007), from 152 species recorded, 25 were exclusive of general grasslands, 12 of humid grasslands, 8 of dry grasslands and 19 of arenitic formations, totaling 42% of total wealth. In a study conducted in an urban park, Goetz et al. (2012) found 81 species of ferns and lycophytes in area of MOF with presence of altitude grasslands. Schmitt et al. (2006) , in a study in the National Forest of Canela recorded 58 species in area of MOF with presence of wetlands and grasslands.

Another comparative analysis performed in this study refers to the floristic similarity of ferns and lycophytes considering only one of the forest areas. In Figure 3 we can note two dendrograms; one presents an analysis of similarity of Campo Mourão with other areas of Seasonal Forest (A); the other compares the wealth of Campo Mourão with areas of occurrence of Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (B). In the dendrogram A one notes that Campo Mourão (04) showed similarity with the areas 16, 11, 12, 10 and 13 with the respective Jaccard’s index of

Figure 3

Dendrogram of floristic similarity obtained by the method of non-weighted average (UPGMA) based on Jaccard’s index. A: Areas with incidence of Seasonal Forest; B: Areas with incidence of Ombrophilous Forest. 01: Vila Velha State Park, PR; 02: Guartelá State Park, PR; 03: Pico do Marumbi State Park, PR; 04: Campo Mourão, PR; 05: Mun. Botanical Garden of Bauru, SP; 06: Vassununga State Park, SP; 07: State Reserve of Águas da Prata, SP; 08: Urban Park, RS; 09: National Forest of Canela, RS; 10: Harmonia Hill, RS; 11: Taquari River Valley, RS; 12: Gaúcha Ridge, RS; 13: Cadeia River, RS; 14: Sinos River Basin, RS; 15: Mun. Natural Park of Ronda, RS; 16: Mun. Park Henrique L. Roessler, RS.

(b)

0.25; 0.27; 0.27; 0.28 and 0.27. Area 05 obtained index of similarity lower than 25% and the areas 07 and 06 were in a separate group.

Cophenetic Correlation Coefficient in this group was (r = 0.9028) proving the consistency of the adjustment. In the dendrogram B one can observe the formation of two groups, one to left formed by areas 15, 08, 09, 14 and 10 and the other to the right, composed by areas 03, 01 and 02. Campo Mourão (04) showed similarity only with areas 14 and 10 with the respective similarity index 0.25 and 0.28. In this group Cophenetic Correlation Coefficient was 0.9017 and also proved the consistency of the adjustment.

The fact that Campo Mourão have shown greater similarity in the dendrogram A can be related to the majority of the areas of Deciduous Forests not showing another type of associated vegetation, i.e., from the eight analyzed areas only two have other type of associated vegetation (SSF/SVN and SSF/MOF). In dendrogram B there were eight areas of Ombrophilous Forest with only one exclusive and the other seven showing another type of associated vegetation (4 FLD/MOF, 2 DOF/MOF and 1 SSF/MOF). This factor probably affected the similarity in dendrogram B, since Campo Mourão did not register ferns and lycophytes in areas of Grasslands and Cerrado.

In the Principal Components Analysis (PCA), are presented the ecological characteristics of environmental variables in relation to the areas of ecotone (Figure 4). PC1 axis explained 43.68% of the total variance of data, being that the characters with greater positive value and significant were Ame with 0.46, Rvg with 0.42 and Ter with 0.38; most significant negative characters were Sou with −0.47, Edf with −0.38 and Epf with −0.32. PC2 axis explained 29.31% of the total variance and showed the following positive and most significant characters, being South with 0.53, Rvg with 0.40 and Ter with 0.34, and the negative ones were Ame with −0.50 and Epf with 0.31. The total variance explained by the two principal components was 72.99%.

The test of permutation of Monte Carlo presented (p = 0.005), indicating that the relationship “species-vari- ables” in the two axes were significant. According to Johnson & Wichern (2002) , a large part of the total variability (over 70%) can be explained by one, two or three main components, then such component scan replace the original variables, without great loss of information.

The PCA has shown that the terricolous species (Ter) showed association with environments of riparian vegetation (Rvg), as well as epiphytic species (Epf) were associated with environments of the edge of forest (Edf). The ferns terricolous were the most abundant (76%), and its association with areas of riparian vegetation is related to the fact that these areas have a habitat conducive to the development of ferns and lycophytes. The ferns in their majority, mainly occur in the understory of the forest, they have a high photosynthetic capacity under lowlight intensity and its preference for riparian forests are with the trend that these plants have to established in shaded locations and humid places, where are offered the microclimates suitable for reproduction (Páusas & Sáez, 2000; Page, 2002) .

Figure 4

Principal component analysis (PCA) of ferns and lycophytes of Campo Mourão. Terricolous (Ter), Rupicolous (Rup), Epiphytes (Epf), Hemi-epiphytes (Hpf), Edge of forest (Edf), Interior of forest (Inf), Riparian vegetation (Rvg), Outcrop of basalt rock (Abr), Herbaceous (Hrb), Sub-arborescent (Sub), Scandent herbaceous (Sca), Introduced old world (Int), Endemic of Brazil (Bra), South American (Sou), American (Ame), Circum-antarctic (Cir)

Regarding areas of edge, where observed associations with epiphytic species, it can be said that they are environments where climatic conditions tend to a drastic change in relation to the forest interior. In edges the light and temperature are more intense, resulting in soil warmer and, consequently, less wet. The humidity is lower than in the rest of the forest and with this the leaves lose more water through transpiration. All of these factors create an environment that is hostile to ferns and inhibits the development of some species less tolerant.

The epiphytic ferns develop its life cycle above the ground, fixed in trees (phorophytes), which in turn, support and a micro-habitat ideal for its development. Therefore, in open areas or forest edges, is more common epiphytic ferns are more abundant than the terricolous.

The occupation of these plants seems to be related to abiotic factors such as the search for water, nutrients and luminosity. The uptake of water and nutrients occurs directly through atmosphere, whether by particulate matter or by rain water, direct or leachate of crowns. Canopies, water evaporates, falls as large drops or drains the trunks, suffering chemical changes during the course. In genera 10% to 30% of incident precipitation is retained and evaporates directly from the canopy. The water that reaches the soil, up to 85% may come from drops and up to 30% can seep from the trunk (Benzing, 1995; Parker, 1995; Zotz & Hietz, 2001) . Humidity increases the canopy to the ground, while luminosity follows an opposite trend. The thermal amplitude daily varies as it moves away from the ground, being the poster the part with greater fluctuations in temperature. The temperature can vary by several degrees between the canopy and ground floor, directly influencing the relative humidity of the air. Close to the floor, this remains practically constant and close to 100%, while that in pantry can be between 50 and 60% (Benzing, 1995) .

The majority of the species surveyed were frequent in both study areas, with a wide distribution in relation to ecological variables. The ferns and lycophytes exclusive of LA area showed greater uniformity in relation to ecological variables. And the exclusive species of AH area are distributed in most the right side of the graph, and is strongly associated with the variables Rvg, Ter and Ame. This distribution can be related to the type of environment that is to be found in AH, since, for this property the river “Campo” crosses the forest area from north to south, thus exerting great influence under the richness of ferns and lycophytes, which showed its largest distribution over to the course of the river. The only species of the AH area located on the left side of the graph were A. scandicinum and P. pectinatiformis.

In general, the species more frequent considering all areas analyzed were: Microgramma squamulosa, only to submit distribution in the 16 areas analyzed, Anemia phyllitidis, was the second most frequent with distribution in 15 areas, Ctenitis submarginalis and Macrothelypteris torresiana presented frequency in 14 areas, Asplenium claussenii, Pleopeltis hirsutissima and Rumohra adiantiformis, were observed in 13 areas, and Adiantum raddianum, Blechnum binervatum, Pteridium arachnoideum e Vittaria lineata, observed in 12 areas of study.

4. Conclusions

The families that showed greater wealth were Pteridaceae (14 spp.), Polypodiaceae (11 spp.) and the lypterida- ceae (6 spp.), representing 55% of the total, and the latter, the family that had the most abundant genus, Thely- pteris (6 spp.). The form of terricolous life was observed in 72% of the species and showed association with the environment of riparian vegetation. The epiphytic habit (22%) was associated with areas of forest edge.

The low similarity found in this study is mainly related to the fact that most comparative studies have been carried out in other states, and also to the great variation of the biomes present in these areas. The specific richness recorded for Campo Mourão represents approximately 11.4% of the total of ferns and lycophytes described for Paraná.

The composition of species obtained in this inventory is an important contribution to our knowledge of the flora of ferns and lycophytes in areas of ecotone with occurrence of SSF/MOF in Paraná, and mainly in the region of Campo Mourão. It is also essential for the completion of further studies on the interactions plant/envi- ronment which occur in this ecosystem.

Acknowledgements

We thank the staff of collection of the Herbarium of Federal Technological University of Paraná at Campo Mourão campus (HCF) by aidinfield and for the support of the entire work; teacher Celso Aparecido Gandolfo (in memoriam) by valuable research support; experts in the Botanical Museum City of Curitiba (herbarium MBM) by the aid of determinations.

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