1. IntroductionObesity is a major public health problem. Being obese and overweight is associated with substantial increased risks of mortality and morbidity. Obesity and related noncommunicable diseases [1] are recognized as imposing a major burden on health systems. Increased health care costs, activity limitations, and reduced productivity [2] are also associated with a relevant impairment of health related quality of life [3].
The most widely used anthropometric measure of obesity is body mass index (BMI) and it has been applied into both public health and clinical practice. However, BMI does not consider the distribution of body fat. Other measures which are being increasingly used are waist circumference (WC) [1,4,5], waist-hip circumference ratio (WHR) [6] and conicity index (Ci) [7,8]. The Ci estimates fat accumulation in the abdomen which leads to a deviation of body shape from a cylindrical to a double-cone shape, i.e., two cones with a common base at the waist level [7,8] (Figure 1). This abnormal deposition of fat in the abdomen has been described as the type of obesity that greatly threatens the individual’s health leading to metabolic derangements, coronary disease [1,7,9,10],
increased mortality [4,7,10,11].
In the case of chronic kidney disease patients (CKD), it has been hypothesized that overweight (25.0 ≤ BMI < 29.9 kg/m2) is a sign of a healthy and a better nutritional status [7]. The most frequent nutrition disorder of CKD patients is now excessive obesity instead of weight loss. However, WC may be a better predictor of mortality than BMI in adults with CKD [11]. Abdominal fat has been associated with inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperadipokinaemia, dyslipidaemia, and oxidative stress [7], each of which may predict malnutrition, increased mortality, and the development of protein-energy wasting [7, 12,13].
Hemodialysis is the most common treatment for endstage renal disease (ESRD). It is a medical procedure designed to remove wastes, toxins and fluids from the blood when the kidneys have failed. The blood is cleaned by a part of the hemodialysis machine known as an artificial kidney or dialyzer.
In Lebanon, no study, so far, has been conducted to assess the central obesity of hemodialysis population. The present study aims 1) to describe the prevalence of the central obesity in hemodialysis patients; and 2) investigate the relationship between obesity assessed by the anthropometrics variables as Ci, and WHR and morbidity amongst hemodialysis patients in Lebanon.
In view of the different associations between abdominal fat and myocardial infarction and/or early death according to gender [1,11], men and women were analyzed separately. In addition, the analysis was conducted according to habitat location because living in urban area may influence obesity particularly in low and middle revenu countries [1,8,14-16].
2. Materials and Methods2.1. Study DesignThis was a cross-sectional study. Recruitment of the patients occurred from May to December 2010 in a hemodialysis center at a general hospital in south Lebanon. Out of the 65 prevalent patients recruited for the original study, 60 (92.3%) individuals were studied.
2.2. Data CollectionInformed consent was obtained from all patients. The interviewer conducted a standardized, structured interview using a pre-tested questionnaire to collect information on demographics, socio-economic status (e.g. age, gender, education level, marital status, occupation), habitat location, financial status (a measure of financial status rated from 1, very poor, to 5, very good [16]. Other variables recorded were the global quality of life assessment (QoL), and Health status rated from 1 (very poor) to 5 (very good).
Each patient’s medical chart was reviewed, and data on smoking, alcohol, consanguinity, first dialysis, etiology, comorbidities, and results of the laboratory analysis extracted. Dosages of total albumin, hematocrit, Phosphorus, Potassium, triglycerides, Urea Reduction Ratio (URR%) [17] were done.
2.3. Comorbidity ScoresComorbidity was scored for both the Charlson (CCI) and Davies comorbidity index. One person collected data and scored all patients. Scoring involved the review of history, of the physical and medical records.
The CCI assigns: 1 point for a history of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease (transient ischemic attack or cerebrovascular accident with minor or no residue), dementia, chronic pulmonary disease, connective tissue disorder, peptic ulcer disease, mild liver disease, and diabetes without end organ damage; 2 points are assigned for hemiplegia, moderate to severe renal disease, diabetes with end organ damage, tumor without metastases, leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma; 3 points are assigned for moderate or severe liver disease; and 6 points are assigned for metastatic solid tumor or AIDS. For every decade over 40 years of age, 1 point is added to the score. For a patient on dialysis, the minimum Charlson score is 2.
The Davies score assigns 1 point for each of the following conditions: ischemic heart disease (prior myocardial infarction, angina, or ischemic changes on EKG), left ventricular dysfunction (clinical evidence of pulmonary edema not due to errors in fluid balance, or history of congestive heart failure), peripheral vascular disease (includes distal aortic, lower extremity, and cerebrovascular disease), malignancy, diabetes, collagen vascular disease, and other significant pathology (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
The CCI and Davies scores were categorized into 4 levels: 2 - 3, 4 - 5, 6 - 7, >7 for CCI; and 0, 1, 2, and >2 for Davies [18-21].
2.4. Anthropometric MeasurementsAnthropometric measurements such as height, weight, waist and hip circumference were recorded. Subjects were measured wearing minimal clothes.
A flexible plastic tape was used to measure WC, accurate up to the nearest 0.1 cm. The waist was measured in the middle distance between the last floating rib and the iliac crest, whereas the hips were measured with the measuring tape passing on femoral trochanters of each circumference.
Weight and height were measured in the dialysis Center by the nursing team [1]. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm with a height stand. The subject stood without shoes or head gear (cap, ribbon etc.) in an upright posture. The crown of the head was horizontal during measurement. Weight was measured using a scale accurate to 0.5 kg and the weighting scale was set to zero before every measurement [8].
BMI was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared, and recorded in four categories according to the World Health Organization: <18.5 kg/m2, underweight; BMI ≥ 18.5 to < 25 kg/m2, normal weight; BMI ≥ 25 to < 30 kg/m2, overweight; BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, obese.
Two measures of body fat distribution i.e., WHR and Ci were done. WHR is determined through the division of the waist circumference by the hip circumference [6]. The Ci is determined through the measurements of weight, height and WC, by using the mathematical equation:
[1,7,8]. Thus, patients with an elevated Ci are those with an abnormal fat deposition in the abdominal region with respect to their height and weight [7]. The Ci reflects how many times the WC of such a person is bigger than the estimated circumference of a cylinder generated with the height and the weight of that individual [7,8]. As an example, a Ci of 1.50 means that the individual’s WC is 1.50 times bigger than the circumference of a hypothetical cylinder based on the height and weight of that individual [7,8]. The tertiles of Ci distribution were assessed to classify patients into three categories: Low Ci, Middle Ci, and High Ci [7].
2.5. Statistical AnalysisThe Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), median, and quartiles as appropriate. The categorical variables are expressed as percentage.
The ANOVA test was used to compare differences in mean for continuous variables. For nominal variables, we used the χ2 test. Linear regression analyses were performed to estimate the association between anthropometric measures of obesity (Ci, BMI, and WHR), and Charlson, and Davies comorbidities indexes scores [22,23].
A p-value < 0.01 was considered to be significant because of multiple testing. Analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0.
3. Results3.1. Characteristics of the Study SubjectsTable 1 describes the characteristics of the study subjects according to habitat location, and gender. 51.7% were women, 36.7% patients live in urban area. The mean of age was 57.5 years (SD = 16.7 years) and was lower in rural (52.8 ± 16.1) when compared with urban areas (65.5 ± 14.7, p = 0.004).
The mean number of person in house is 4.03 (SD = 2.2; range 1 to 10). A minority (5.0%) of patients lives alone. The percentage of men with a formal job was much higher than that of women (41.4% vs. 6.1%, p < 0.01). Only 6.7% of patients perceived their financial status as poor; 13.4% considered their health status as very bad. The proportion of current smokers was significantly greater among men (31.0%) than women (17.1%, p < 0.01). 10% are current drinkers of alcohol. Consanguinity is observed in 36.7% of cases: First degree 68.20%, second 18.2%. The mean of dialysis vintage is 37.2 months (SD = 53.8). Diabetes (30.0%) and nephrosclerosis (26.7%) are the most prevalent etiology. Most (80.0%) of patients have at least one comorbidity. The CCI and Davies comorbidity index scores were very severe for 15.0%, and 16.7% of patients respectively (>7 for CCI; and >2 for Davies) (Table 1).
3.2. Relationship between Tertiles of Abdominal Fat Deposition (Ci) and Demographics and Clinical CharacteristicsTables 2 and 3 show the relationship between tertiles of abdominal fat deposition (Ci) and demographics and clinical characteristics. Patients were divided into groups according to tertiles of Ci distribution: Low Ci (1.04 - 1.36), Middle Ci (1.37 - 1.50), and High Ci (1.51 - 2.31). 24.6% of patients have central obesity (high tertile of Ci). 28.1% of patients were overweight (BMI 25 - 30 kg/m2), and 17.5% were obese (BMI ³ 30 kg/m2).
The Ci was positively associated with age (p = 0.02), CCI (p < 0.01) and, albumin concentration (p = 0.04). There was no association between the Ci and Davies comorbidity index, dialysis vintage or plasma triglycerides concentration. Across Ci tertiles, an increase in BMI (mainly accounted for by fat body mass) was not observed (Table 2).
3.3. Predictors of ComorbiditiesTable 4 displays the beta interpreted as odds ratios (ORs) for linear regression with CCI, and Davies comorbidity indexes scores as the dependent variables, and Ci, BMI, and WHR as the measure of obesity. The results show that central obesity measured by Ci, WHR was a predictor of comorbidities in hemodialysis patients.