Influence of Waveguide Properties on Wave Prototypes Likely to Accompany the Dynamics of Four-Wave Mixing in Optical Fibers

In this article, we study the impacts of nonlinearity and dispersion on signals likely to propagate in the context of the dynamics of four-wave mixing. Thus, we use an indirect resolution technique based on the use of the iB-function to first decouple the nonlinear partial differential equations that govern the propagation dynamics in this case, and subsequently solve them to propose some prototype solutions. These analytical solutions have been obtained; we check the impact of nonlinearity and dispersion. The interest of this work lies not only in the resolution of the partial differential equations that govern the dynamics of wave propagation in this case since these equations not at all easy to integrate analytically and their analytical solutions are very rare, in other words, we propose analytically the solutions of the nonlinear coupled partial differential equations which govern the dynamics of four-wave mixing in optical fibers. Beyond the physical interest of this work, there is also an appreciable mathematical interest.

• Optical Fiber
• Four Waves Mixing
• Implicit Bogning Function
• Coupled Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations
• Nonlinear Coefficient
• Dispersive Coefficient
• Waveguide Properties

1. Introduction

Optical fiber, which today presents itself as the essential instrument of new information technologies, had its first beginnings in the 19th century. Today, the book that best situates readers about the history of its discovery is a book published in the USA in 1999 [1] . Its first manufacturing means transmission support was made in 1920 [2] - [4] . However, research on optical fibers began 30 years later, that is to say exactly in 1950 [5] - [8] . Gradually with the observations of K.C. Kao and G.A. Hockham [9] , work on optical fibers took off. Since then, much work has been done, but what generally attract our attention in the context of this article are the phenomena that accompany a wave or a signal during its propagation in the optical fiber. Of all these phenomena that accompany a signal during its propagation in the optical fiber, we retain the effects linked to dispersion and polarization of the dispersion mode [10] - [23] , Raman effects [24] , self-steepening and shock formation [25] - [29] , cross-phase modulation (XPM) [30] - [37] , self-phase modulation (SPM) [38] - [50] . It should be noted that the first studies of nonlinear effects began after the 1970s [51] - [58] . Taking these effects into account, when modeling the equations that govern the propagation dynamics in optical fiber, brings additional modifications each time.

However, it should be noted that at this time, the solutions that authors proposed to interpret the evolution of signals in optical fibers were based mainly on numerical simulations [59] - [74] . Of all these methods, one of the most used was the finite difference method [75] - [79] . However, it should be noted that numerical methods only really began to integrate the non-linear character of this propagation medium around 1992 [80] - [85] . Thus, the development of multiple digital techniques has favored the studies of other phenomena such as modulational instabilities [86] - [94] and dispersion management [95] - [98] . The analytical techniques most used at this time were disruptive [99] - [106] , and it was that they which in the majority of cases made it possible to approach the nonlinear partial differential equations (NPDEs), resulted from the different models. The combination of these numerical and analytical methods also favored the advent of solitons in optical fibers [107] - [109] .

Of all these effects which accompany the propagation of the signal in the optical fiber and which will be at the center of our study in this article is the four-wave mixing (FWM) effect. It is an effect who’s taking into account leads to the obtaining of four nonlinear and coupled partial differential equations whose analytical resolution is not always easy until today. The first solutions proposed were digital. In this work, we want to use the indirect mathematical technique based on a careful choice of the analytical sequence solution to construct solutions and therefore, the framework is formed by the iB-function (implicit Bogning function) to provide solutions to coupled nonlinear partial differential equations where effects of FWM were taken into account during modeling in optical fibers. It is important to note that the coupled nonlinear partial differential equations established by previous authors, until these days have not yet had real exact solutions. The attempts at resolutions have always been based on digital programming, hence the relevance of this article. In addition, we study the impacts of dispersion and nonlinear coefficients on the solutions obtained. Thus, this manuscript is organized as follows: in Section 2 we will first return to the propagation equation in optical fiber, then recall the origin of four-wave mixing. In Section 3, we will see what happens for ultrafast FWM. Section 4 proposes the new technique for solving such equations as well as the choice of the necessary ansatz. In Section 5, we determine the main coefficient range equation; in Section 6, we make an inventory of possible solutions; in Section 7, we construct some solutions. The profiles of the solutions obtained as well as some associated comments are given in Section 8. Finally, we end our article with a conclusion.

2. Propagation Equation in Optical Fibers

The propagation dynamics in optical fibers, like all electromagnetic phenomena, are governed by Maxwell’s equations [110] - [117] .

$\nabla \wedge E=-\frac{\partial B}{\partial t},$ (1)

$\nabla \wedge H=j+\frac{\partial D}{\partial t},$ (2)

$\nabla \cdot D={\rho }_f,$ (3)

$\nabla \cdot B=0,$ (4)

where $E$ is the electrical field, $H$ the magnetic field vector, $D$ the electric flux density, $j$ the magnetic flux density, $\varphi \left(x_j,t\right)$ the current charge density vector, ${\rho }_f$ the source of electromagnetic charge and $\nabla$ the Nabla’s vector. In optical fibers, there are no free charges and $j=0$, ${\rho }_f=0$. The flux densities $D$ and $B$ arise in response to the electric and magnetic fields and propagation inside the medium such that

$D={\epsilon }_{0}E+P,$ (5)

and

$B={\mu }_{0}H+M,$ (6)

where ${\epsilon }_0$ is the vacuum permittivity, ${\mu }_0$ the vacuum permeability, $P$ the induced electric polarization, $M$ the induced magnetic polarization. For non-magnetic mediums such as optical fibers $M=0$.

Eliminating $B$ and $D$ in favor of $E$ and $P$ in Maxwell equations leads to

$\nabla \wedge \nabla \wedge E=-\frac{1}{C^2}\frac{{\partial }^{2}E}{\partial t^2}-{\mu }_0\frac{{\partial }^{2}P}{\partial t^2}.$ (7)

The induced polarization is generally considered such as it has the linear part and the nonlinear part and is given by

$P=P_L+P_{NL},$ (8)

where $P_L$ indicates the linear part of $P$ and $P_{NL}$ its nonlinear part. Knowing that

$\nabla \wedge \nabla \wedge E\equiv \nabla \left(\nabla E\right)-{\nabla }^{2}E=-{\nabla }^{2}E$, Equation (7) becomes

${\nabla }^{2}E-\frac{1}{C^2}\frac{{\partial }^{2}E}{\partial t^2}={\mu }_0\frac{{\partial }^2{P}_L}{\partial t^2}+{\mu }_0\frac{{\partial }^2{P}_{NL}}{\partial t^2}.$ (9)

This equation is generally the one that governs propagation in optical fiber. But this equation must from time to time undergo modifications depending on the excitation modes in the fiber, the type of fiber, the transmission mode, the type of coupling, the non-linearity and the precise connections.

In this work, we want to study the dynamics and the effect of simultaneous propagation of four waves (FWM) in the optical fiber through the modeling of the differential equations with partial drifts that govern such dynamics and analytically propose the solutions. Thus, our approach will be directly oriented towards the theory of mixing four waves of different frequencies.

3. Origin of Four-Wave Mixing

The origin of the parametric process is based on the response of the electrons linked to the material to an applied optical field, more precisely to the polarization induced by the medium which is not linear. It contains a non-linear part such that its intensity is governed by the non-linear susceptibility [9] - [13] . The parametric processes can be classified as second-order susceptibility ${\chi }^{\left(2\right)}$ or third-order susceptibility ${\chi }^{\left(3\right)}$ vanishes in the isotropic medium in the case of dipole approximation that is the case in the optical fibers that transform main constituent silica. In practice, these processes do not occur because of quadrupole and magnetic dipole effects, but with relatively low conversion efficiency. The third-order parametric processes involve in general nonlinear interaction among four optical waves and include phenomena such as third-harmonic generation and parametric amplification. The study of FWM is very important in optical fibers because it can be very efficient for generating new waves [110] - [130] .

Because second-order susceptibility is not taken into account in optical fiber, the third-order polarization vector is often given as follows

$P_{NL}={\epsilon }_0{\chi }^{\left(3\right)}⋮EEE,$ (10)

where ${\epsilon }_0$ is vacuum permittivity, $P_{NL}$ the induced nonlinear polarization vector and $E$ the electric field vector.

If we consider four optical waves oscillating at respective frequencies ${\omega }_1$, ${\omega }_2$, ${\omega }_3$ and ${\omega }_4$, polarizer along the same unit vector axis $e_x$, the total electric field can be written as

$E=\frac{1}{2}{e}_x{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{4}{\sum }}{E}_j\exp \left[i\left(k_{j}z-{\omega }_{j}t\right)\right]}+C.C,$ (11)

where the propagation constant $k_j=n_j{\omega }_j/C$ is such that, $n_j$ is the refractive index. Under these conditions, taking into account (11) in (10) gives

$P_{NL}=\frac{1}{2}{e}_x{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{4}{\sum }}{P}_j\exp \left[i\left(k_{j}z-{\omega }_{j}t\right)\right]}+C.C.$ (12)

Thus, substitute Equations (11) and (12) into Equation (9) while considering a similar expression for the linear part $P_L$, while also neglecting the dependence of the field relative to time while assuming the conditions of quasi-continuity of the waves (quasi-CW conditions), the spatial dependence of the coordinates of the electric field is given by

$E_j\left(r\right)=F_j\left(x,y\right)A_j\left(z\right),$ (13)

where $F_j\left(x,y\right)$ is the spatial distribution of the fiber in which the j^th propagates in the fiber [19] . Under these conditions, the evolution of the amplitudes $A_j$ inside the multimode fiber is governed by the coupled equations

$\frac{\text{d}{A}_1}{\text{d}z}=\frac{i{\tilde{n}}_2{\omega }_1}{C}\left[\left(f_{11}{\left|A_1\right|}^2+2{\displaystyle \underset{k\ne 1}{\sum }{f}_{1k}{\left|A_k\right|}^2}\right)A_1+2f_{1234}{A}_2^{\ast }{A}_3{A}_4{\text{e}}^{i\Delta kz}\right],$ (14)

$\frac{\text{d}{A}_2}{\text{d}z}=\frac{i{\tilde{n}}_2{\omega }_2}{C}\left[\left(f_{22}{\left|A_2\right|}^2+2{\displaystyle \underset{k\ne 2}{\sum }{f}_{2k}{\left|A_k\right|}^2}\right)A_2+2f_{2134}{A}_1^{\ast }{A}_3{A}_4{\text{e}}^{i\Delta kz}\right],$ (15)

$\frac{\text{d}{A}_3}{\text{d}z}=\frac{i{\tilde{n}}_2{\omega }_3}{C}\left[\left(f_{33}{\left|A_3\right|}^2+2{\displaystyle \underset{k\ne 3}{\sum }{f}_{3k}{\left|A_k\right|}^2}\right)A_3+2f_{3412}{A}_1{A}_2{A}_4^{\ast }{\text{e}}^{-i\Delta kz}\right],$ (16)

and

$\frac{\text{d}{A}_4}{\text{d}z}=\frac{i{\tilde{n}}_2{\omega }_4}{C}\left[\left(f_{44}{\left|A_4\right|}^2+2{\displaystyle \underset{k\ne 4}{\sum }{f}_{4k}{\left|A_k\right|}^2}\right)A_4+2f_{4312}{A}_1{A}_2{A}_3^{\ast }{\text{e}}^{-i\Delta kz}\right],$ (17)

where the wave-vector mismatch $\Delta k$ is given by

$\Delta k=\left({\tilde{n}}_3{\omega }_3+{\tilde{n}}_4{\omega }_4-{\tilde{n}}_1{\omega }_1-{\tilde{n}}_2{\omega }_2\right)/C.$ (18)

The refractive indices ${\tilde{n}}_1$ and ${\tilde{n}}_4$ stand for the effective indices of the fiber modes. Notice that ${\tilde{n}}_1$ and ${\tilde{n}}_2$ can differ from each other when the pump waves $A_1$ and $A_2$ propagate in different fiber modes even if they are degenerate in frequencies. The overlap integral $f_{ijkl}$ is defined by [19]

$f_{ijkl}=\frac{\langle F_i^{\ast }{F}_j^{\ast }{F}_k{F}_l\rangle }{{\left[\langle {\left|F_i\right|}^2\rangle \langle {\left|F_j\right|}^2\rangle \langle {\left|F_k\right|}^2\rangle \langle {\left|F_l\right|}^2\rangle \right]}^{1/2}},$ (19)

where angle brackets denote integration over the transverse coordinates x and y. In deriving Equations (14) to (18), only nearly phase-matched terms are kept and we neglect frequency dependence ${\chi }^{\left(3\right)}$. The parameter ${\tilde{n}}_2$ is the nonlinear parameter.

4. Ultrafast FWM

The effects of both GVD and fiber losses can be included following and allowing $A_j\left(z\right)$ in Equations (14) to (17) to be a slow carrying of time. If polarization effects are neglected assuming that all four waves are polarized along a principal axis of a birefringent fiber, the inclusion of GVD effects in Equations (14) to (17) makes it such that the derivative $\frac{\text{d}{A}_j}{\text{d}z}$ can be replaced by

$\frac{\text{d}{A}_j}{\text{d}z}\to \frac{\partial A_j}{\partial z}+{\beta }_{1j}\frac{\partial A_j}{\partial t}+\frac{i}{2}{\beta }_{2j}\frac{{\partial }^2{A}_j}{\partial t^2}+\frac{1}{2}{\alpha }_j{A}_j.$ (20)

The resulting four coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations (NLS) describe the FWM of picoseconds optical pulses and include the effects of group velocity dispersion (GVD), self-phase modulation (SPM), and cross-phase modulation (XPM). Generally, the prediction of solutions of the resulting coupled nonlinear partial differential equations is given numerically because they are very difficult to solve analytically. Assuming that a single pump of power $P_0$ is incident at $z=0$, the signal and idler fields are found to satisfy the following set of two coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations [110]

$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial A_3}{\partial z}+{\beta }_{13}\frac{\partial A_3}{\partial t}+\frac{i}{2}{\beta }_{23}\frac{{\partial }^2{A}_3}{\partial t^2}+\frac{1}{2}{\alpha }_3{A}_3\\ =i\gamma \left[{\left|A_3\right|}^2+2{\left|A_4\right|}^2+2P_0\right]A_3+i\gamma P_0{A}_4^{\ast }{\text{e}}^{-i\theta },\end{array}$ (21)

and

$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial A_4}{\partial z}+{\beta }_{14}\frac{\partial A_4}{\partial t}+\frac{i}{2}{\beta }_{24}\frac{{\partial }^2{A}_4}{\partial t^2}+\frac{1}{2}{\alpha }_4{A}_4\\ =i\gamma \left[{\left|A_4\right|}^2+2{\left|A_3\right|}^2+2P_0\right]A_4+i\gamma P_0{A}_3^{\ast }{\text{e}}^{i\theta },\end{array}$ (22)

where $\theta =\Delta k+2\gamma P_{0}z$ is the net phase mismatch.

However, it should be noted that the equations established above may undergo further modifications if certain phenomena are taken into account.

The equations obtained above are generally very difficult to solve analytically. But as the aim of this work is to provide analytical solutions to these equations, we felt that it was necessary to do the above work of recall on the theory of FWM to better explain to our readers the origin of the amplitude couplings.

To avoid confusion of indices in the resolution of Equations (21) and (22) we make the correspondences $U\leftarrow A_3$, $V\leftarrow A_4$, ${\beta }_1\leftarrow {\beta }_{13}$, ${\beta }_2\leftarrow \frac{1}{2}{\beta }_{23}$, $\lambda \leftarrow \frac{1}{2}{\alpha }_3$, ${\beta }_3\leftarrow {\beta }_{14}$, ${\beta }_4\leftarrow \frac{1}{2}{\beta }_{24}$, $\theta \equiv 0\left[2k\pi \right],k\in Z$ and ${\lambda }^{\prime }\leftarrow {\alpha }_4/2$ the equations ready to solve become

$\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+{\beta }_1\frac{\partial U}{\partial t}+i{\beta }_2\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial t^2}+\lambda U=i\gamma \left[{\left|U\right|}^2+2{\left|V\right|}^2+2P_0\right]U+i\gamma P_0{V}^{\ast },$ (23)

and

$\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+{\beta }_3\frac{\partial V}{\partial t}+i{\beta }_4\frac{{\partial }^{2}V}{\partial t^2}+{\lambda }^{\prime }V=i\gamma \left[{\left|V\right|}^2+2{\left|U\right|}^2+2P_0\right]V+i\gamma P_0{U}^{\ast }.$ (24)

Since then, very little serious work has been done in the analytical research of solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations with partial derivatives which integrate the effects of FWM on the modeling of propagation dynamics in optical fiber. In the remainder of this work, we will concentrate on the analytical search for solutions to the coupled Equations (23) and (24).

5. Method of Resolution

The resolution method is an inverse method based essentially on the use of the ansatz of the generalized wave function, constructed based on iB-functions [131] - [138] . The principle consists of substituting the search for the solution of the solved equations with the search for the indices and the parameter of the iB-function. The iB-function is defined in the following subsection.

5.1. iB-Functions

iB-functions are functions with multiple properties that find numerous applications in solving problems in nonlinear physics and Mathematics for nonlinear physics and Mathematics in general. They come in two forms; a so-called main form and a secondary form.

The main form is defined by

$J_{n,m}\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{p}{\sum }}{\alpha }_i{x}_i}\right)={\sinh }^m\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{p}{\sum }}{\alpha }_i{x}_i}\right)/{\cosh }^n\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{p}{\sum }}{\alpha }_i{x}_i}\right),$ (25)

where $J_{n,m}\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{p}{\sum }}{\alpha }_i{x}_i}\right)$ represents the implicit form of the function, ${\sinh }^m\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{p}{\sum }}{\alpha }_i{x}_i}\right)/{\cosh }^n\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{p}{\sum }}{\alpha }_i{x}_i}\right)$, the explicit form of the function, ${\alpha }_i$ ( $i=0,1,2,\cdots ,p$) represents the parameters associated with the independent variables $x_i$ ( $i=0,1,2,\cdots ,p$), and the pair $\left(n,m\right)\in R^2$ indicates the power of the function. More precisely, n is the power of $\cosh \left({\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{p}{\sum }}{\alpha }_i{x}_i}\right)$ and m the power of $\sinh \left({\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{p}{\sum }}{\alpha }_i{x}_i}\right)$. This function as defined in (1) is also called the iB-function of several variables and any derivative operation engaged in this case is partial.

The secondary form is given by

$T_{n,m}\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{p}{\sum }}{\alpha }_i{x}_i}\right)=\frac{{\sin }^m\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{p}{\sum }}{\alpha }_i{x}_i}\right)}{{\cos }^n\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{p}{\sum }}{\alpha }_i{x}_i}\right)},$ (26)

where $T_{n,m}\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{p}{\sum }}{\alpha }_i{x}_i}\right)$ represents the implicit form of the secondary form, ${\sin }^m\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{p}{\sum }}{\alpha }_i{x}_i}\right)/{\cos }^n\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{p}{\sum }}{\alpha }_i{x}_i}\right)$ the explicit secondary form, ${\alpha }_i$ ( $i=0,1,2,\cdots ,p$) represents the parameters associated with the independent variables $x_i$ ( $i=0,1,2,\cdots ,p$), and the pair $\left(n,m\right)\in R^2$ indicates the power of the function. More precisely, n is the power of $\cos \left({\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{p}{\sum }}{\alpha }_i{x}_i}\right)$ and m the power of $\sin \left({\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{p}{\sum }}{\alpha }_i{x}_i}\right)$. This function as defined in relation (1) is also called the iB-function of several variables and any derivative operation engaged in this case is partial.

The main form and the secondary form are linked for any number by formulas

$J_{n,m}\left(ix\right)=i^m{T}_{n,m}\left(x\right),$ (27)

and

$T_{n,m}\left(ix\right)=i^m{J}_{n,m}\left(x\right).$ (28)

For Equations (27) and (28) i represents the imaginary number such that $i^2=-1$.

These functions can be defined in dimensions 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. depending on the studies we want to carry out. In the rest of our demonstrations, we must use iB-functions with a single independent variable like

$J_{n,m}\left(\alpha x\right)={\sinh }^m\left(\alpha x\right)/{\cosh }^n\left(\alpha x\right),$ (29)

and

$T_{n,m}\left(\alpha x\right)={\sin }^m\left(\alpha x\right)/{\cos }^n\left(\alpha x\right).$ (30)

Simple forms, that is to say, which can no longer undergo transformations, are given by $J_{n,0}$, $J_{n,1}$, $T_{n,0}$ and $T_{n,1}$ when n is positive.

5.2. Principe of Utilization

The principle of the solution consists of identifying and choosing the ansatz solution to construct according to the iB-function. Thus, once the form of the ansatz solution to be constructed is chosen, it is injected into the equation to be solved, and subsequently the effective selection of the solutions past through the determination of the indices and the parameter of the iB-functions envisaged from the start. However it is important to point out that good management of the calculations involved in this case requires good mastery of the properties of these functions. We give in the following lines some useful properties.

5.3. Common Transformation Properties

1) $J_{n,m}^p=J_{np,mp}$

2) $J_{n,m}\cdot J_{n^{\prime },m^{\prime }}=J_{n+n^{\prime },m+m^{\prime }}$

3) $\frac{J_{n,m}}{J_{n^{\prime },m^{\prime }}}=J_{n-n^{\prime },m-m^{\prime }}$

4) $\frac{1}{J_{n,m}}=J_{-n,-m}$

5) $\frac{\text{d}{J}_{n,m}\left(\alpha x\right)}{\text{d}x}=m\alpha J_{n-1,m-1}\left(\alpha x\right)-n\alpha J_{n+1,m+1}\left(\alpha x\right)$,

6) $J_{2n,2n}=J_{2,2}^n={\left(1-J_{2,0}\right)}^n$,

7) $J_{-2n,-2n}=J_{2,2}^{-n}={\left(1-J_{2,0}\right)}^{-n}=\frac{1}{{\left(1-J_{2,0}\right)}^n}$,

8) $J_{n,n}=J_{2n,2n}^{\frac{1}{2}}={\left(1-J_{2,0}\right)}^{\frac{n}{2}}$,

9) $J_{n,n}^2=J_{2,2}^n$,

10) $J_{n,n}^p=J_{p,p}^n$,

11) $J_{n,m}^p=J_{np,mp},p\in R$.

12) $J_{0,2n}={\left(J_{-2,0}-1\right)}^n\Rightarrow J_{0,-2n}={\left(J_{-2,0}-1\right)}^{-n}$,

13) $J_{-2n,0}=J_{-2,0}^n={\left(J_{0,2}+1\right)}^n\Rightarrow J_{2n,0}={\left(J_{0,2}+1\right)}^{-n}$,

14) $T_{0,0}\left(x\right)=1,x\ne 0$

15) $T_{2,2}\left(x\right)=T_{2,0}\left(x\right)-1$,

16) $T_{4,4}\left(x\right)={\left(T_{2,0}-1\right)}^2=T_{4,0}-2T_{2,0}+1$

17) $T_{2n,2n}\left(x\right)={\left(T_{2,0}-1\right)}^n$,

18) $\forall p,n,m\in R$, $T_{n,m}^p=T_{np,mp}$,

19) $\forall p,n\in R$, $T_{n,n}^p=T_{1,1}^{np}=T_{p,p}^n$,

20) $\forall n,m,n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\in R$, $T_{n,m}\cdot T_{n^{\prime },m^{\prime }}=T_{n+n^{\prime },m+m^{\prime }}$,

21) $\frac{\text{d}{T}_{n,m}\left(\alpha x\right)}{\text{d}x}=m\alpha T_{n-1,m-1}\left(\alpha x\right)+n\alpha T_{n+1,m+1}\left(\alpha x\right)$,

22) $J_{n,m}\left(-x\right)={\left(-1\right)}^m{J}_{n,m}\left(x\right)$,

In the properties above, $n,m,p,n^{\prime }{m}^{\prime }$ and $x$ are elements of the set of reals and $\alpha$ an element of the complex body.

6. Main Equations of Ranges of Coefficients

We propose to construct the solutions of Equations (23) and (24) in the forms

$U=\psi {\text{e}}^{-i\left(kz-\omega t\right)},$ (31)

and

$V=\varphi {\text{e}}^{i\left(kz-\omega t\right)}.$ (32)

Thus, substituting Equations (31) and (32) into Equations (23) and (24) gives

$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial \psi }{\partial z}+\left({\beta }_1-2\omega {\beta }_2\right)\frac{\partial \psi }{\partial t}+i{\beta }_2\frac{{\partial }^2\psi }{\partial t^2}\\ +\left[\lambda +i\left(-k+\omega {\beta }_1-{\beta }_2{\omega }^2\right)-i\gamma \left({\left|\psi \right|}^2+2{\left|\varphi \right|}^2+2P_0\right)\right]\psi -i\gamma P_0{\varphi }^{\ast }=0,\end{array}$ (33)

and

$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial z}+\left({\beta }_3+2\omega {\beta }_4\right)\frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial t}+i{\beta }_4\frac{{\partial }^2\varphi }{\partial t^2}\\ +\left[{\lambda }^{\prime }+i\left(k-\omega {\beta }_3-{\beta }_4{\omega }^2\right)-i\gamma \left({\left|\varphi \right|}^2+2{\left|\psi \right|}^2+2P_0\right)\right]\varphi -i\gamma P_0{\psi }^{\ast }=0.\end{array}$ (34)

The problem is reduced to solving Equations (33) and (34). To this end, we propose to seek solutions in the forms

$\psi =a{J}_{n,m}\left(\alpha z-{\alpha }_{0}t\right),$ (35)

and

$\varphi =b{J}_{n^{\prime },m^{\prime }}\left(\alpha z-{\alpha }_{0}t\right).$ (36)

where, $n,m,n^{\prime }{m}^{\prime }$ are real but $a,b,\alpha$ and ${\alpha }_0$ can be real or complex. To further simplify the manipulation of terms, we introduce the change of variable $\xi =\alpha z-{\alpha }_{0}t$. Thus, Equations (33) and (34) are transformed as follows

$\begin{array}{l}\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)\frac{\partial \psi }{\partial \xi }+i{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^2\frac{{\partial }^2\psi }{\partial {\xi }^2}\\ +\left[\lambda +i\left(-k+\omega {\beta }_1-{\beta }_2{\omega }^2\right)-i\gamma \left({\left|\psi \right|}^2+2{\left|\varphi \right|}^2+2P_0\right)\right]\psi -i\gamma P_0{\varphi }^{\ast }=0,\end{array}$ (37)

and

$\begin{array}{l}\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)\frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial \xi }+i{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_4\frac{{\partial }^2\varphi }{\partial {\xi }^2}\\ +\left[{\lambda }^{\prime }+i\left(k-\omega {\beta }_3-{\beta }_4{\omega }^2\right)-i\gamma \left({\left|\varphi \right|}^2+2{\left|\psi \right|}^2+2P_0\right)\right]\varphi -i\gamma P_0{\psi }^{\ast }=0.\end{array}$ (38)

Equations (37) and (38) in the variable change condition become respectively

$\psi =a{J}_{n,m}\left(\xi \right),$ (39)

and

$\varphi =b{J}_{n^{\prime },m^{\prime }}\left(\xi \right).$ (40)

Inserting Equations (39) and (40) into Equations (37) and (38) while keeping in mind that are real, gives respectively

$\begin{array}{l}am\left[\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right]J_{n-1,m-1}+i{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}am\left(m-1\right)J_{n-2,m-2}\\ +\left\{-ia{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^2\left[m\left(n-1\right)+n\left(m+1\right)\right]+a\left[\lambda +i\left(-k+\omega {\beta }_1-{\beta }_2{\omega }^2\right)\right]-2i\gamma P_{0}a\right\}{J}_{n,m}\\ -an\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)J_{n+1,m+1}+i{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}an\left(n+1\right)J_{n+2,m+2}\\ -i\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}a{J}_{3n,3m}-2i\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}a{J}_{2n^{\prime }+n,2m^{\prime }+m}-i\gamma P_0{b}^{*}{J}_{n^{\prime },m^{\prime }}=0,\end{array}$ (41)

and

$\begin{array}{l}b{m}^{\prime }\left[\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right]J_{n^{\prime }-1,m^{\prime }-1}+i{\beta }_4{\alpha }_0^{2}b{m}^{\prime }\left(m^{\prime }-1\right)J_{n^{\prime }-2,m^{\prime }-2}\\ +\left\{-ib{\beta }_4{\alpha }_0^2\left[m^{\prime }\left(n^{\prime }-1\right)+n^{\prime }\left(m^{\prime }+1\right)\right]+b\left[{\lambda }^{\prime }+i\left(k-\omega {\beta }_3-{\beta }_4{\omega }^2\right)\right]-2i\gamma P_{0}b\right\}{J}_{n^{\prime },m^{\prime }}\\ -b{n}^{\prime }\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)J_{n^{\prime }+1,m^{\prime }+1}+i{\beta }_4{\alpha }_0^{2}b{n}^{\prime }\left(n^{\prime }+1\right)J_{n^{\prime }+2,m^{\prime }+2}\\ -i\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}b{J}_{3n^{\prime },3m^{\prime }}-2i\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}b{J}_{2n+n^{\prime },2m+m^{\prime }}-i\gamma P_0{a}^{*}{J}_{n,m}=0,\end{array}$ (42)

Equations (39) and (40) are coupled equations of ranges of coefficients in $\left(n,m\right)$ and $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)$.

7. Study of the Possibilities of Solving Equations (41) and (42)

Equations (41) and (42) in the case where there is no possibility of grouping of terms exclusively admit solutions if and only if each term of these equations is zero. Under these conditions, the solutions obtained are trivial. But to be reassured we must study the case where certain terms of Equations (41) and (42) can be grouped together.

Pairs ( n , m ) and ( n ′ , m ′ ) for Which Certain Terms of Equations (41) and (42) Group Together

The search for pairs for which certain terms of Equations (41) and (42) group together gives fixed couples $\left(n,m\right)=\left(-1/2,-1/2\right);\left(1/2,1/2\right);\left(-1,-1\right);\left(1,1\right);\left(0,0\right)$ and $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)=\left(-1/2,-1/2\right);\left(1/2,1/2\right);\left(-1,-1\right);\left(1,1\right);\left(0,0\right)$. Apart from the fixed pairs, we obtain constraint relations which link the pairs $\left(n^{\prime }=n-2,m^{\prime }=m-2\right)$, $\left(n^{\prime }=n-1,m^{\prime }=m-1\right)$, $\left(n^{\prime }=n,m^{\prime }=m\right)$, $\left(n^{\prime }=n+1,m^{\prime }=m+1\right)$, $\left(n^{\prime }=n+2,m^{\prime }=m+2\right)$, $\left(n^{\prime }=3n,m^{\prime }=3m\right)$ and $\left(n=-3n^{\prime },m=-3m^{\prime }\right)$.

The constraint relations between the pairs $\left(n,m\right)$ and $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)$ allow to decouple Equations (41) and (42). These relationships offer good alternatives regarding the resolution of these equations because they establish direct links between couples $\left(n,m\right)$ and $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)$.

7.2. Decoupling of Equations (41) and (42) and Resolution

Equations (41) and (42) respectively lead using the above relations to the following decoupled range equations

$\begin{array}{l}\left[-i\gamma P_0{b}^{*}+am\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)\right]J_{n-1,m-1}+i{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}am\left(m-1\right)J_{n-2,m-2}\\ +\left\{-ia{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^2\left[m\left(n-1\right)+n\left(m+1\right)\right]+a\left[\lambda +i\left(-k+\omega {\beta }_1-{\beta }_2{\omega }^2\right)\right]-2i\gamma P_{0}a\right\}{J}_{n,m}\\ -an\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)J_{n+1,m+1}+i{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}an\left(n+1\right)J_{n+2,m+2}\\ -i\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}a{J}_{3n,3m}-2i\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}a{J}_{3n-2,3m-2}=0,\end{array}$ (43)

and

$\begin{array}{l}b{m}^{\prime }\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)J_{n^{\prime }-1,m^{\prime }-1}+i{\beta }_4{\alpha }_0^{2}b{m}^{\prime }\left(m^{\prime }-1\right)J_{n^{\prime }-2,m^{\prime }-2}\\ +\left\{-ib{\beta }_4{\alpha }_0^2\left[m^{\prime }\left(n^{\prime }-1\right)+n^{\prime }\left(m^{\prime }+1\right)\right]+b\left[{\lambda }^{\prime }+i\left(k-\omega {\beta }_3-{\beta }_4{\omega }^2\right)\right]-2i\gamma P_{0}b\right\}{J}_{n^{\prime },m^{\prime }}\\ -\left[b{n}^{\prime }\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)+i\gamma P_0{a}^{*}\right]J_{n^{\prime }+1,m^{\prime }+1}+i{\beta }_4{\alpha }_0^{2}bn\left(n+1\right)J_{n^{\prime }+2,m^{\prime }+2}\\ -i\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}b{J}_{3n^{\prime },3m^{\prime }}-2i\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}b{J}_{3n^{\prime }+2,3m^{\prime }+2}=0.\end{array}$ (44)

Equations (43) and (44) are range equations decoupled by the constraint relations $\left(n^{\prime }=n-1,m^{\prime }=m-1\right)$. Equation (43) depends exclusively on pairs $\left(n,m\right)$ and Equation (44) exclusively on pairs $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)$. Thus, the preponderant pairs $\left(n,m\right)$ for which certain terms of Equation (43) group together are $\left(1/2,1/2\right);\left(0,0\right)$. Similarly, the leading pairs $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)$ for which certain terms of Equation (44) group together are $\left(-1/2,-1/2\right);\left(-1,-1\right)$. We note that the case involves and brings us back to solving a single initial nonlinear differential equation. Our concern is to have two non-trivial solutions, we subsequently search for the solutions for the case $\left(n,m\right)=\left(1/2,1/2\right)\Rightarrow \left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)=\left(-1/2,-1/2\right)$. Equations (41) and (42) give respectively

$\begin{array}{l}\left[-i\gamma P_0{b}^{*}+\frac{a}{2}\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_3\right)-2i\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}a\right]J_{\frac{-1}{2},\frac{-1}{2}}-i\frac{{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}a}{4}{J}_{\frac{-3}{2},\frac{-3}{2}}\\ +\left\{\frac{-ia{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^2}{4}+a\left[\lambda +i\left(-k+\omega {\beta }_1-{\beta }_2{\omega }^2\right)\right]-2i\gamma P_{0}a\right\}{J}_{\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}}\\ -\left[i\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}a+\frac{a}{2}\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)\right]J_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2}}+\frac{3}{4}i{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}a{J}_{\frac{5}{2},\frac{5}{2}}=0,\end{array}$ (45)

and

$\begin{array}{l}-\left[\frac{b}{2}\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)+i\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}b\right]J_{\frac{-3}{2},\frac{-3}{2}}+\frac{3i{\beta }_4{\alpha }_0^{2}b}{4}{J}_{\frac{-5}{2},\frac{-5}{2}}\\ +\left\{\frac{-ib{\beta }_4{\alpha }_0^2}{4}+b\left[{\lambda }^{\prime }+i\left(k-\omega {\beta }_3-{\beta }_4{\omega }^2\right)\right]-2i\gamma P_{0}b\right\}{J}_{\frac{-1}{2},\frac{-1}{2}}\\ -\left[-\frac{b}{2}\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)+i\gamma P_0{a}^{*}+2i\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}b\right]J_{\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}}-\frac{i{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_{4}b}{4}{J}_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2}}=0,\end{array}$ (46)

Equations (45) and (46) are verified if and only if for $a\ne 0,b\ne 0$, we have the following relations

${\beta }_2={\beta }_4=0,$ (47)

$\frac{a}{2}\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)-i\left(\gamma P_0{b}^{*}+2\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}a\right)=0,$ (48)

$\lambda =i\left(2\gamma P_0+k-\omega {\beta }_1\right),$ (49)

${\left|a\right|}^2=\frac{i}{2\gamma }\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right),$ (50)

${\lambda }^{\prime }=i\left(2\gamma P_0-k+\omega {\beta }_3\right),$ (51)

$\frac{-1}{2}\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3\right)+i\gamma P_0{a}^{*}+2i\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}b=0,$ (52)

and

${\left|b\right|}^2=\frac{i}{2\gamma }\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3\right).$ (53)

To continue solving Equations (48) to (53), we set $\eta =i\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1\right)$ and ${\eta }^{\prime }=i\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3\right)$. We obtain from Equation (50) and (53) respectively

$\left|a\right|=\sqrt{\frac{\eta }{2\gamma }},\gamma \eta \succ 0,$ (54)

and

$\left|b\right|=\sqrt{\frac{{\eta }^{\prime }}{2\gamma }},\gamma {\eta }^{\prime }\succ 0.$ (55)

Inserting relations (54) and (55) into Equation (48) initially gives

$\frac{\eta a}{2}+\gamma P_0{b}^{*}+2\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}a=0,$ (56)

and secondly

$\eta {\left|\frac{\eta }{2}+{\eta }^{\prime }\right|}^2={\gamma }^2{P}_0^2{\eta }^{\prime }.$ (57)

The constraint relation (55) can still be written

$\eta {\left(\eta +2{\eta }^{\prime }\right)}^2-4{\gamma }^2{P}_0^2{\eta }^{\prime }=0.$ (58)

Analogously, inserting relations (54) and (55) into Equation (52) initially gives

$\frac{{\eta }^{\prime }b}{2}+\gamma P_0{a}^{*}+2\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}b=0,$ (59)

and secondly

${\eta }^{\prime }{\left|\frac{{\eta }^{\prime }}{2}+\eta \right|}^2={\gamma }^2{P}_0^2\eta ,$ (60)

or

${\left({\eta }^{\prime }+2\eta \right)}^2{\eta }^{\prime }-4{\gamma }^2{P}_0^2\eta =0.$ (61)

Eliminating $P_0^2$ between the constraint relations (58) and (61) gives us the principal constraint relation

$\left({\eta }^2-{{\eta }^{\prime }}^2\right)\left({\eta }^2+4{\eta }^{\prime }\eta +{{\eta }^{\prime }}^2\right)=0.$ (62)

The analysis of Equation (62) shows that the most suitable constraint between $\eta$ and ${\eta }^{\prime }$ is given by

${\eta }^2-{{\eta }^{\prime }}^2=0.$ (63)

We obtain from relation (63) the following equalities

$\eta ={\eta }^{\prime },$ (64)

and

$\eta =-{\eta }^{\prime }.$ (65)

We obtain respectively from (64) and (65) the following relations

${\beta }_3=\frac{{\beta }_1}{2\omega +1},$ (66)

and

$\alpha =\frac{{\alpha }_0}{2}\left({\beta }_1+2\omega {\beta }_3-{\beta }_3\right).$ (67)

By combining Equations (66) and (67) we obtain

$\frac{\alpha }{{\alpha }_0}=\frac{2{\beta }_1\omega }{2\omega +1}.$ (68)

The analysis of the terms of $\eta$ and ${\eta }^{\prime }$ shows that our approach is logical if $\alpha$ and ${\alpha }_0$ are pure imaginaries. We also obtained $\lambda =i\left(2\gamma P_0+k-\omega {\beta }_1\right)$ and ${\lambda }^{\prime }=i\left(2\gamma P_0-k+\omega {\beta }_3\right)$; this would simply mean that the dissipation coefficients must also be pure imaginary. With all the constraints above being admitted we have

$\left|a\right|=\sqrt{\frac{\eta }{2\gamma }},\gamma \eta \succ 0,\Rightarrow \exists \theta \in R/a=\sqrt{\frac{\eta }{2\gamma }}\exp i\theta \Rightarrow \psi =\sqrt{\frac{\eta }{2\gamma }}{J}_{\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}}\left(\xi \right)\exp i\theta ,$ (69)

and

$\left|b\right|=\sqrt{\frac{{\eta }^{\prime }}{2\gamma }},\gamma {\eta }^{\prime }\succ 0\Rightarrow \exists {\theta }^{\prime }\in R/b=\sqrt{\frac{{\eta }^{\prime }}{2\gamma }}\exp i{\theta }^{\prime }\Rightarrow \psi =\sqrt{\frac{{\eta }^{\prime }}{2\gamma }}{J}_{\frac{-1}{2},\frac{-1}{2}}\left(\xi \right)\exp i{\theta }^{\prime },$(70)

Returning to the initial variables, the solutions in this case are given by

$U=\sqrt{\frac{\eta }{2\gamma }}{J}_{\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}}\left(\xi \right)\exp i\left(kz-\omega t+\theta \right),$ (71)

and

$V=\sqrt{\frac{{\eta }^{\prime }}{2\gamma }}{J}_{\frac{-1}{2},\frac{-1}{2}}\left(\xi \right)\exp -i\left(kz-\omega t-{\theta }^{\prime }\right),$ (72)

As we demonstrated above, $\alpha$ and ${\alpha }_0$ are pure imaginaries and under these conditions $\xi$ is also pure imaginary such as $\xi =i{\xi }_0/{\xi }_0\in R$. Thus the solutions (71) and (72) can then be expressed in terms of the corresponding secondary iB-functions assuming that the quantities under the square root are positive

$\begin{array}{c}U=\sqrt{i}\sqrt{\frac{\eta }{2\gamma }}{T}_{\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}}\left({\xi }_0\right)\exp i\left(kz-\omega t+\theta \right)\\ =\sqrt{\frac{\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_3}{2\gamma }}{\tan }^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(\alpha z-{\alpha }_{0}t\right)\exp i\left(kz-\omega t+\theta \right),\end{array}$ (73)

and

$\begin{array}{c}V=\frac{1}{\sqrt{i}}\sqrt{\frac{{\eta }^{\prime }}{2\gamma }}{T}_{\frac{-1}{2},\frac{-1}{2}}\left({\xi }_0\right)\exp -i\left(kz-\omega t-{\theta }^{\prime }\right)\\ =\sqrt{\frac{\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3}{2\gamma }}{\text{cotan}}^{{}^{\frac{1}{2}}}\left(\alpha z-{\alpha }_{0}t\right)\exp -i\left(kz-\omega t-{\theta }^{\prime }\right).\end{array}$ (74)

By inserting $\left(n^{\prime }=n+1,m^{\prime }=m+1\right)$ and $\left(n=n^{\prime }-1,m=m^{\prime }-1\right)$ respectively into Equations (41) and (42) respectively leads to the following decoupled range equations

$\begin{array}{l}am\left[\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right]J_{n-1,m-1}+i{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}am\left(m-1\right)J_{n-2,m-2}\\ +\left\{-ia{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^2\left[m\left(n-1\right)+n\left(m+1\right)\right]+a\left[\lambda +i\left(-k+\omega {\beta }_1-{\beta }_2{\omega }^2\right)\right]-2i\gamma P_{0}a\right\}{J}_{n,m}\\ -\left[an\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)+i\gamma P_0{b}^{*}\right]J_{n+1,m+1}\\ i{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}an\left(n+1\right)J_{n+2,m+2}-i\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}a{J}_{3n,3m}-2i\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}a{J}_{3n+2,3m+2}=0,\end{array}$ (75)

and

$\begin{array}{l}\left[b{m}^{\prime }\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)-i\gamma P_0{a}^{*}\right]J_{n^{\prime }-1,m^{\prime }-1}+i{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_{4}b{m}^{\prime }\left(m^{\prime }-1\right)J_{n^{\prime }-2,m^{\prime }-2}\\ +\left\{-i{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_{4}b\left[m^{\prime }\left(n^{\prime }-1\right)+n^{\prime }\left(m^{\prime }+1\right)\right]+\left[{\lambda }^{\prime }+i\left(k-\omega {\beta }_3-{\beta }_4{\omega }^2\right)\right]b-2i\gamma P_{0}b\right\}{J}_{n^{\prime },m^{\prime }}\\ -n^{\prime }\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)b{J}_{n^{\prime }+1,m^{\prime }+1}+i{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_{4}b{n}^{\prime }\left(n^{\prime }+1\right)J_{n^{\prime }+2,m^{\prime }+2}\\ -i\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}b{J}_{3n^{\prime },3m^{\prime }}-2i\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}b{J}_{3n^{\prime }-2,3m^{\prime }-2}=0.\end{array}$ (76)

Equations (75) and (76) are range equations decoupled by the constraint relations $\left(n^{\prime }=n+1,m^{\prime }=m+1\right)$. As in the previous case, Equation (75) depends exclusively on the pairs $\left(n,m\right)$, and Equation (76) exclusively on the pairs $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)$. Thus, the leading pairs $\left(n,m\right)$ for which certain terms of Equation (75) group together are $\left(-1/2,-1/2\right);\left(-1,-1\right);\left(0,0\right)$. Likewise, the leading pairs $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)$ for which certain terms of Equation (76) group together are $\left(1/2,1/2\right);\left(1,1\right);\left(0,0\right)$. We note that the case involving $\left(n,m\right)\in \left\{\left(-1,-1\right);\left(0,0\right)\right\}$ and $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)\in \left\{\left(1,1\right);\left(0,0\right)\right\}$ brings us back to solving a single initial nonlinear differential equation. Our concern is to have two non-trivial solutions, we search for the solutions for the case $\left(n,m\right)=\left(-1/2,-1/2\right)\Rightarrow \left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)=\left(1/2,1/2\right)$. Equations (75) and (76) respectively give

$\begin{array}{l}\left[-i\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}a-\frac{a}{2}\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)\right]J_{\frac{-3}{2},\frac{-3}{2}}+\frac{3}{4}i{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^2{J}_{\frac{-5}{2},\frac{-5}{2}}\\ +\left[\lambda a+i\left(\frac{-a{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^2}{2}-ka+\omega {\beta }_{1}a-{\beta }_2{\omega }^{2}a-2\gamma P_{0}a\right)\right]J_{\frac{-1}{2},\frac{-1}{2}}\\ +\left[\frac{a}{2}\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)-i\gamma P_0{b}^{*}-2i\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}a\right]J_{\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}}-i\frac{{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}a}{4}{J}_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2}}=0,\end{array}$ (77)

and

$\begin{array}{l}\left[\frac{b}{2}\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)-i\gamma P_0{a}^{*}-2i\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}b\right]J_{\frac{-1}{2},\frac{-1}{2}}-\frac{i{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_{4}b}{4}{J}_{\frac{-3}{2},\frac{-3}{2}}\\ +\left\{{\lambda }^{\prime }b+i\left(\frac{-{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_{4}b}{2}+kb-\omega {\beta }_{3}b-{\beta }_4{\omega }^{2}b-2\gamma P_{0}b\right)\right\}{J}_{\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}}\\ -\left[\frac{1}{2}\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)+i\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}b\right]J_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2}}+\frac{3i{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_{4}a}{4}{J}_{\frac{5}{2},\frac{5}{2}}=0.\end{array}$ (78)

Solving Equations (77) and (78) allows to obtain, as in the previous case, the constraint relations $\frac{\alpha }{{\alpha }_0}=\frac{2{\beta }_1\omega }{2\omega +1}$, $\lambda =i\left(2\gamma P_0+k-\omega {\beta }_1\right)$; and ${\lambda }^{\prime }=i\left(2\gamma P_0-k+\omega {\beta }_3\right)$. We therefore obtain the following solutions

$U=\sqrt{\frac{\eta }{2\gamma }}{J}_{\frac{-1}{2},\frac{-1}{2}}\left(\xi \right)\exp i\left(kz-\omega t+\theta \right),$ (78)

and

$V=\sqrt{\frac{{\eta }^{\prime }}{2\gamma }}{J}_{\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}}\left(\xi \right)\exp -i\left(kz-\omega t-{\theta }^{\prime }\right).$ (79)

In the case where $\xi$ is pure imaginary i.e. $\xi =i{\xi }_0/{\xi }_0\in R$, we deduce from solutions (78) and (79)

$\begin{array}{c}U=\frac{1}{\sqrt{i}}\sqrt{\frac{\eta }{2\gamma }}{T}_{\frac{-1}{2},\frac{-1}{2}}\left({\xi }_0\right)\exp i\left(kz-\omega t+\theta \right)\\ =\sqrt{\frac{\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_3}{2\gamma }}{\text{cotan}}^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(\alpha z-{\alpha }_{0}t\right)\exp i\left(kz-\omega t+\theta \right),\end{array}$ (80)

and

$\begin{array}{c}V=\sqrt{i}\sqrt{\frac{{\eta }^{\prime }}{2\gamma }}{T}_{\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}}\left({\xi }_0\right)\exp -i\left(kz-\omega t-{\theta }^{\prime }\right)\\ =\sqrt{\frac{\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3}{2\gamma }}{\tan }^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(\alpha z-{\alpha }_{0}t\right)\exp -i\left(kz-\omega t-{\theta }^{\prime }\right),\end{array}$ (81)

For the two above studied cases, $\left(n^{\prime }=n-1,m^{\prime }=m-1\right)$ and $\left(n^{\prime }=n+1,m^{\prime }=m+1\right)$ these solutions are verified for the very low dispersion.

The insertion of $\left(n^{\prime }=n-2,m^{\prime }=m-2\right)$ and $\left(n=n^{\prime }+2,m=m^{\prime }+2\right)$ respectively in Equations (41) and (42) lead respectively to the following decoupled range equations

$\begin{array}{l}am\left[\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right]J_{n-1,m-1}+i\left[{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}am\left(m-1\right)-\gamma P_0{b}^{*}\right]J_{n-2,m-2}\\ +\left\{-ia{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^2\left(m\left(n-1\right)+n\left(m+1\right)\right)+a\left[\lambda +i\left(-k+\omega {\beta }_1-{\beta }_2{\omega }^2\right)\right]-2i\gamma P_{0}a\right\}{J}_{n,m}\\ -an\left[\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right]J_{n+1,m+1}+i{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}an\left(n+1\right)J_{n+2,m+2}\\ -i\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}a{J}_{3n,3m}-2i\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}a{J}_{3n-4,3m-4}=0,\end{array}$ (82)

and

$\begin{array}{l}b{m}^{\prime }\left[\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right]J_{n^{\prime }-1,m^{\prime }-1}+i{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_{4}b{m}^{\prime }\left(m^{\prime }-1\right)J_{n^{\prime }-2,m^{\prime }-2}\\ +\left\{-i{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_{4}b\left[m^{\prime }\left(n^{\prime }-1\right)+n^{\prime }\left(m^{\prime }+1\right)\right]+\left[{\lambda }^{\prime }+i\left(k-\omega {\beta }_3-{\beta }_4{\omega }^2\right)\right]b-2i\gamma P_{0}b\right\}{J}_{n^{\prime },m^{\prime }}\\ -n^{\prime }\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)J_{n^{\prime }+1,m^{\prime }+1}+i\left[{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_{4}a{n}^{\prime }\left(n^{\prime }+1\right)-\gamma P_0{a}^{*}\right]J_{n^{\prime }+2,m^{\prime }+2}\\ -i\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}b{J}_{3n^{\prime },3m^{\prime }}-2i\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}b{J}_{3n^{\prime }+4,3m^{\prime }+4}=0.\end{array}$ (83)

The dominant pair which favors a large number of groupings of terms in Equation (82) is $\left(1,1\right)$ while the pair which favors a large number of groupings of terms in Equation (83) is $\left(-1,-1\right)$. For $\left(n,m\right)=\left(1,1\right)$, Equation (82) becomes

$\begin{array}{l}a\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)-i\left(\gamma P_0{b}^{*}+2\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}a\right)J_{-1,-1}\\ +\left[-2ia{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^2+\lambda a+i\left(-k+\omega {\beta }_1-{\beta }_2{\omega }^2\right)a-2i\gamma P_{0}a\right]J_{1,1}\\ -a\left[\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right]J_{2,2}+i\left(2{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}a-\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}a\right)J_{3,3}=0.\end{array}$ (84)

By introducing $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)=\left(-1,-1\right)$ into Equation (83), we obtain

$\begin{array}{l}\left\{-2i{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_{4}b+{\lambda }^{\prime }b+i\left(k-\omega {\beta }_3-{\beta }_4{\omega }^2\right)b-2i\gamma P_{0}b\right\}{J}_{-1;-1}\\ b\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)-i\left(\gamma P_0{a}^{*}+2\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}b\right)J_{1,1}\\ +i\left[2{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_{4}b-\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}b\right]J_{-3,-3}-b\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)J_{-2;-2}=0.\end{array}$ (85)

Equations (84) and (85) are verified for $a\ne 0$ and $b\ne 0$ if we have the following sets of equations

$\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2=0,$ (86)

$\gamma P_0{b}^{*}+2\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}a=0,$ (87)

$\lambda +i\left[k+\omega {\beta }_1-{\beta }_2{\omega }^2-2\gamma P_0-2{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^2\right]=0,$ (88)

$2{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^2-\gamma {\left|a\right|}^2=0,$ (89)

$\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4=0,$ (90)

$\gamma P_0{a}^{*}+2\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}b=0,$ (91)

${\lambda }^{\prime }+i\left[k-\omega {\beta }_3-{\beta }_4{\omega }^2-2\gamma P_0-2{\beta }_4{\alpha }_0^2\right]=0,$ (92)

$2{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_4-\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}b=0.$ (93)

The combination of Equations (86) and (90) allows us to obtain

$\omega =\frac{{\beta }_1-{\beta }_3}{2\left({\beta }_2+{\beta }_4\right)},{\beta }_2\ne -{\beta }_4.$ (94)

Equations (87) and (91) give us respectively

$\lambda =-i\left[k+\omega {\beta }_1-{\beta }_2{\omega }^2-2\gamma P_0-2{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^2\right],$ (95)

and

${\lambda }^{\prime }=-i\left[k-\omega {\beta }_3-{\beta }_4{\omega }^2-2\gamma P_0-2{\beta }_4{\alpha }_0^2\right].$ (96)

Equations (95) and (96) require under these conditions that the dissipation coefficients be pure imaginary. Solving Equations (89) and (93) gives

$\left|a\right|={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2{\beta }_2}{\gamma }},{\beta }_2\gamma \succ 0,\Rightarrow \exists \theta \in R/a={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2{\beta }_2}{\gamma }}\exp i\theta ,$ (97)

and

$\left|b\right|={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2{\beta }_4}{\gamma }},{\beta }_4\gamma \succ 0,\Rightarrow \exists {\theta }^{\prime }\in R/a={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2{\beta }_4}{\gamma }}\exp i{\theta }^{\prime },$ (98)

Inserting (97) and (98) respectively in (87) and (91) gives the constraint relation on the polarization intensity $P_0$ as

$\left|P_0\right|=\frac{4{\alpha }_0^2}{\gamma }\sqrt{{\beta }_2{\beta }_4},{\beta }_2{\beta }_4\succ 0.$ (99)

Solutions in this case are given by

$\begin{array}{l}\psi \left(\xi \right)={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2{\beta }_2}{\gamma }}{J}_{1,1}\left(\xi \right)\exp i\theta ,\\ \Rightarrow U\left(z,t\right)={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2{\beta }_2}{\gamma }}{J}_{1,1}\left(\alpha z-{\alpha }_{0}t\right)\exp i\left(kz-\omega t+\theta \right),\end{array}$ (100)

and

$\begin{array}{l}\varphi \left(\xi \right)={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2{\beta }_4}{\gamma }}{J}_{-1,-1}\left(\xi \right)\exp i{\theta }^{\prime },\\ \Rightarrow V\left(z,t\right)={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2{\beta }_4}{\gamma }}{J}_{-1,-1}\left(\alpha z-{\alpha }_{0}t\right)\exp -i\left(kz-\omega t-{\theta }^{\prime }\right),\end{array}$ (101)

These solutions verify Equations (33) and (34) without any modification of their initial structures.

The insertion of $\left(n^{\prime }=n+2,m^{\prime }=m+2\right)$ and $\left(n=n^{\prime }-2,m=m^{\prime }-2\right)$ respectively in Equations (41) and (42) lead respectively to the following decoupled range equations

$\begin{array}{l}am\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)J_{n-1,m-1}+i{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}am\left(m-1\right)J_{n-2,m-2}\\ +\left\{-ia{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^2\left[m\left(n-1\right)+n\left(m+1\right)\right]+a\left[\lambda +i\left(-k+\omega {\beta }_1-{\beta }_2{\omega }^2\right)\right]-2i\gamma P_{0}a\right\}{J}_{n,m}\\ -an\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)J_{n+1,m+1}+i\left[{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}an\left(n+1\right)-\gamma P_0{b}^{*}\right]J_{n+2,m+2}\\ -i\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}a{J}_{3n,3m}-2i\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}a{J}_{3n+4,3m+4}=0,\end{array}$(102)

and

$\begin{array}{l}b{m}^{\prime }\left[\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right]J_{n^{\prime }-1,m^{\prime }-1}+i\left[{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_{4}b{m}^{\prime }\left(m^{\prime }-1\right)-\gamma P_0{a}^{*}\right]J_{n^{\prime }-2,m^{\prime }-2}\\ +\left\{-i{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_{4}b\left[m^{\prime }\left(n^{\prime }-1\right)+n^{\prime }\left(m^{\prime }+1\right)\right]+\left[{\lambda }^{\prime }+i\left(k-\omega {\beta }_3-{\beta }_4{\omega }^2\right)\right]b-2i\gamma P_{0}b\right\}{J}_{n^{\prime },m^{\prime }}\\ -n^{\prime }\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)J_{n^{\prime }+1,m^{\prime }+1}+i{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_{4}a{n}^{\prime }\left(n^{\prime }+1\right)J_{n^{\prime }+2,m^{\prime }+2}\\ -i\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}b{J}_{3n^{\prime },3m^{\prime }}-2i\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}b{J}_{3n^{\prime }-4,3m^{\prime }-4}=0.\end{array}$(103)

The dominant pair of indices that favors the large number of groupings of terms in Equation (102) is $\left(n,m\right)=\left(-1,-1\right)$. Likewise, the dominant couple which favors a large number of groupings of terms in Equation (103) is $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)=\left(1,1\right)$. Substituting the indices $\left(n,m\right)=\left(-1,-1\right)$ into Equation (102) and the indices $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)=\left(1,1\right)$ into Equation (103) gives respectively

$\begin{array}{l}a\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)-a\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)J_{-2,-2}\\ +i\left(2{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}a-\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}a\right)J_{-3,-3}\\ +\left[\lambda a+i\left(-ka+\omega {\beta }_{1}a-{\beta }_2{\omega }^{2}a-2a{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^2-2\gamma P_{0}a\right)\right]J_{-1,-1}\\ +i\left(\gamma P_0{b}^{*}+2\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}a\right)J_{1,1}=0,\end{array}$ (104)

and

$\begin{array}{l}b\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)-i\left(\gamma P_0{a}^{*}+2\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}b\right)J_{-1,-1}\\ +\left[{\lambda }^{\prime }b+i\left(k-\omega {\beta }_3-{\beta }_4{\omega }^2-2\gamma P_0-2{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_4\right)b\right]J_{1,1}\\ -\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)J_{2,2}+i\left(2{\alpha }_0^2{\beta }_4-\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}b\right)J_{3,3}=0.\end{array}$ (105)

The analysis of Equations (104) and (105) leads to the same equations obtained in the case $\left(n^{\prime }=n-2,m^{\prime }=m-2\right)$ $\Rightarrow$ $\left(n=n^{\prime }+2,m=m^{\prime }+2\right)$ treated above. We also obtain the same constraints that the parameters of the equations must obey. Thus the solutions obtained in this case are given by

$\begin{array}{l}\psi \left(\xi \right)={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2{\beta }_2}{\gamma }}{J}_{-1,-1}\left(\xi \right)\exp i\theta ,\\ \Rightarrow U\left(z,t\right)={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2{\beta }_2}{\gamma }}{J}_{-1,-1}\left(\alpha z-{\alpha }_{0}t\right)\exp i\left(kz-\omega t+\theta \right),\end{array}$ (106)

and

$\begin{array}{l}\varphi \left(\xi \right)={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2{\beta }_4}{\gamma }}{J}_{1,1}\left(\xi \right)\exp i{\theta }^{\prime },\\ \Rightarrow V\left(z,t\right)={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2{\beta }_4}{\gamma }}{J}_{1,1}\left(\alpha z-{\alpha }_{0}t\right)\exp -i\left(kz-\omega t-{\theta }^{\prime }\right),\end{array}$ (107)

For $n=n^{\prime }$, Equations (39) and (40) respectively lead to the following decoupled range equations

$\begin{array}{l}am\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)J_{n-1,m-1}+i{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}am\left(m-1\right)J_{n-2,m-2}\\ +\left\{-ia{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^2\left[m\left(n-1\right)+n\left(m+1\right)\right]+a\left[\lambda +i\left(-k+\omega {\beta }_1-{\beta }_2{\omega }^2\right)\right]-2i\gamma P_{0}a-i\gamma P_0{b}^{*}\right\}{J}_{n,m}\\ -an\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)J_{n+1,m+1}+i{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}an\left(n+1\right)J_{n+2,m+2}\\ -i\left(\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}a+2\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}a\right)J_{3n,3m}=0,\end{array}$ (108)

and

$\begin{array}{l}b{m}^{\prime }\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)J_{n^{\prime }-1,m^{\prime }-1}+i{\beta }_4{\alpha }_0^{2}b{m}^{\prime }\left(m^{\prime }-1\right)J_{n^{\prime }-2,m^{\prime }-2}\\ +\left\{-ib{\beta }_4{\alpha }_0^2\left[m^{\prime }\left(n^{\prime }-1\right)+n^{\prime }\left(m^{\prime }+1\right)\right]+b\left[{\lambda }^{\prime }+i\left(k+\omega {\beta }_3-{\beta }_4{\omega }^2\right)\right]-2i\gamma P_{0}b-i\gamma P_0{a}^{*}\right\}{J}_{n^{\prime },m^{\prime }}\\ -b{n}^{\prime }\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)J_{n^{\prime }+1,m^{\prime }+1}+i{\beta }_4{\alpha }_0^{2}b{n}^{\prime }\left(n^{\prime }+1\right)J_{n^{\prime }+2,m^{\prime }+2}\\ -i\left(\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}b+2\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}b\right)J_{3n,3m}=0,\end{array}$ (109)

The values of the pairs for which certain terms of Equations (108) and (109) group together without modifying the structures of Equations (33) and (34) are $\left(n,m\right)=\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)=\left(1,1\right)$ and $\left(n,m\right)=\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)=\left(-1,-1\right)$.

From Equations (108) and (109) we obtain respectively

$\begin{array}{l}a\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)J_{0,0}\\ +\left\{-2ia{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}a+a\left[\lambda +i\left(-k+\omega {\beta }_1-{\beta }_2{\omega }^2\right)\right]-2i\gamma P_{0}a-i\gamma P_0{b}^{*}\right\}{J}_{1,1}\\ -a\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2\right)J_{2,2}+i\left[2{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^{2}a-\left(\gamma {\left|a\right|}^{2}a+2\gamma {\left|b\right|}^{2}a\right)\right]J_{3,3}=0,\end{array}$ (110)

and

$\begin{array}{l}b\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)J_{0,0}\\ +\left\{-2ia{\beta }_4{\alpha }_0^{2}b+b\left[{\lambda }^{\prime }+i\left(k+\omega {\beta }_3-{\beta }_4{\omega }^2\right)\right]-2i\gamma P_{0}b-i\gamma P_0{a}^{*}\right\}{J}_{1,1}\\ -b\left(\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4\right)J_{2,2}+i\left[2{\beta }_4{\alpha }_0^{2}b-\left(\gamma {\left|b\right|}^2+2\gamma {\left|a\right|}^2\right)b\right]J_{3,3}=0.\end{array}$ (111)

Equations (110) and (111) are verified if we have the following equations

$\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_1+2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_2=0,$ (112)

$\lambda a+ia\left(k+\omega {\beta }_1-{\beta }_2{\omega }^2\right)-2ia{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^2-2i\gamma P_{0}a-i\gamma P_0{b}^{*}=0,$ (113)

$\gamma {\left|a\right|}^2+2\gamma {\left|b\right|}^2=2{\beta }_2{\alpha }_0^2,a\ne 0,$ (114)

$\alpha -{\alpha }_0{\beta }_3-2{\alpha }_0\omega {\beta }_4=0,$ (115)

${\lambda }^{\prime }b+ib\left(k-\omega {\beta }_3-{\beta }_4{\omega }^2\right)-2ib{\beta }_4{\alpha }_0^2-2i\gamma P_{0}b-i\gamma P_0{a}^{*}=0,$ (116)

and

$\gamma {\left|b\right|}^2+2\gamma {\left|a\right|}^2=2{\beta }_4{\alpha }_0^2,b\ne 0.$ (117)

Equations (112) and (115) impose to write

$\omega =\frac{{\beta }_1-{\beta }_3}{2\left({\beta }_2+{\beta }_4\right)},{\beta }_2\ne -{\beta }_4.$ (118)

Solving Equations (114) and (117) allows to obtain

$\left|a\right|={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2\left(2{\beta }_4-{\beta }_2\right)}{3\gamma }}\Rightarrow \exists \theta \in R/a={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2\left(2{\beta }_4-{\beta }_2\right)}{3\gamma }}\exp i\theta ,$ (119)

and

$\left|b\right|={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2\left(2{\beta }_2-{\beta }_4\right)}{3\gamma }}\Rightarrow \exists {\theta }^{\prime }\in R/a={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2\left(2{\beta }_2-{\beta }_4\right)}{3\gamma }}\exp i{\theta }^{\prime }.$ (120)

The solutions subject to the constraints imposed by Equations (113) and (116) are given as follows

$\begin{array}{l}\psi \left(\xi \right)={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2\left(2{\beta }_4-{\beta }_2\right)}{3\gamma }}{J}_{1,1}\left(\xi \right)\exp i\theta ,\\ \Rightarrow U\left(z,t\right)={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2\left(2{\beta }_4-{\beta }_2\right)}{3\gamma }}{J}_{1,1}\left(\alpha z-{\alpha }_{0}t\right)\exp i\left(kz-\omega t+\theta \right),\end{array}$ (121)

and

$\begin{array}{l}\varphi \left(\xi \right)={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2\left(2{\beta }_2-{\beta }_4\right)}{3\gamma }}{J}_{1,1}\left(\xi \right)\exp i{\theta }^{\prime },\\ \Rightarrow V\left(z,t\right)={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2\left(2{\beta }_2-{\beta }_4\right)}{3\gamma }}{J}_{1,1}\left(\alpha z-{\alpha }_{0}t\right)\exp -i\left(kz-\omega t-{\theta }^{\prime }\right),\end{array}$ (122)

An approach similar to the previous one in this case $\left(n,m\right)=\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)=\left(-1,-1\right)$ allows to have the solutions

$\begin{array}{l}\psi \left(\xi \right)={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2\left(2{\beta }_4-{\beta }_2\right)}{3\gamma }}{J}_{-1,-1}\left(\xi \right)\exp i\theta ,\\ \Rightarrow U\left(z,t\right)={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2\left(2{\beta }_4-{\beta }_2\right)}{3\gamma }}{J}_{-1,-1}\left(\alpha z-{\alpha }_{0}t\right)\exp i\left(kz-\omega t+\theta \right),\end{array}$ (123)

and

$\begin{array}{l}\varphi \left(\xi \right)={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2\left(2{\beta }_2-{\beta }_4\right)}{3\gamma }}{J}_{-1,-1}\left(\xi \right)\exp i{\theta }^{\prime },\\ \Rightarrow V\left(z,t\right)={\alpha }_0\sqrt{\frac{2\left(2{\beta }_2-{\beta }_4\right)}{3\gamma }}{J}_{-1,-1}\left(\alpha z-{\alpha }_{0}t\right)\exp -i\left(kz-\omega t-{\theta }^{\prime }\right),\end{array}$ (124)

Our primary intention was not only to find some signals likely to propagate in optical fibers and subjected to the effects of FWM, but also to verify the impact of FWM and other properties of the fiber on a wave or signal taken individually. This is how the solutions obtained do not depend on the factors characterizing the FWM, we verified that the dispersion and nonlinearity coefficients have a considerable impact on the intensity of the signals and even the angular frequency of the signals. Figure 1 shows the variation of intensities as a function of the nonlinearity coefficient. We notice that the intensity gradually decreases for large values of the nonlinearity coefficient. Figure 2 shows the variations in intensities as a function of the dispersion coefficients. The intensity in this case increases for larger values of the dispersion coefficients. Figure 3 shows the variations of the angular frequency as a function of the coefficients of temporal variation and dispersion.

Figure 1

Figure 1. Variation of intensities | a | and | b | as a function of the nonlinearity γ coefficient for α 0 =0.1 , β 2 =0.1 and β 4 =0.1 .--Figure 1. Variation of intensities | a | and | b | as a function of the nonlinearity γ coefficient for α 0 =0.1 , β 2 =0.1 and β 4 =0.1 .

Figure 1

Figure 1. Variation of intensities | a | and | b | as a function of the nonlinearity γ coefficient for α 0 =0.1 , β 2 =0.1 and β 4 =0.1 .--Figure 1. Variation of intensities | a | and | b | as a function of the nonlinearity γ coefficient for α 0 =0.1 , β 2 =0.1 and β 4 =0.1 .

Figure 2

Figure 2. Variation of intensities and respectively according to the dispersion coefficients β 2 and β 4 for α 0 =0.1 and γ=0.1 .--Figure 2. Variation of intensities and respectively according to the dispersion coefficients β 2 and β 4 for α 0 =0.1 and γ=0.1 .

Figure 2

Figure 2. Variation of intensities and respectively according to the dispersion coefficients β 2 and β 4 for α 0 =0.1 and γ=0.1 .--Figure 2. Variation of intensities and respectively according to the dispersion coefficients β 2 and β 4 for α 0 =0.1 and γ=0.1 .

Figure 3

Figure 3. Variation of the angular frequency as a function of the temporal variation coefficient β 3 and the dispersion coefficient β 4 for β 1 =0.1 and β 3 =0.2 .--Figure 3. Variation of the angular frequency as a function of the temporal variation coefficient β 3 and the dispersion coefficient β 4 for β 1 =0.1 and β 3 =0.2 .

Figure 3

Figure 3. Variation of the angular frequency as a function of the temporal variation coefficient β 3 and the dispersion coefficient β 4 for β 1 =0.1 and β 3 =0.2 .--Figure 3. Variation of the angular frequency as a function of the temporal variation coefficient β 3 and the dispersion coefficient β 4 for β 1 =0.1 and β 3 =0.2 .

Figure 4

Figure 4. Variation of the signal enveloppe given respectively by Equation (99) and Equation (100) for α = 0.4 , α 0 = 0.1 , γ = 0.1 , β 2 = 0.2 and β 4 = 0.2 . The curve on the left comes from Equation (99) while the one on the right comes from Equation (101).

Figure 5

Figure 5. Variation of the signal envelope given respectively by Equation (99) and Equation (100) for α = 20 , α 0 = 10 , γ = 0.1 , β 2 = 0.2 and β 4 = 0.2 . The curve on the left comes from Equation (100) while the one on the right comes from Equation (101).

Figure 6

Figure 6. Variation of the signal envelope given respectively by Equation (99) and Equation (100) for α = 2 , α 0 = 10 , γ = 0.1 , β 2 = 0.2 and β 4 = 0.2 . The curve on the left comes from Equation (100) while the one on the right comes from Equation (101).

8. Some Signal Profiles and Comments

Figures 4-6 present the intensities of the envelopes of the signals resulting from solutions (99) and (100). For these cases represented, the profiles obtained are from the large family of kink type solitary waves.

9. Conclusions

This work aimed to determine the types of waves likely to be at the center of FWM experimentation in optical fibers. To this end, we have reviewed the bibliography relating to optical fiber in general and above all revisited the stages of modeling the partial differential equations which govern the propagation dynamics in single-mode, birefringent optical fibers and to end with the case where the effects of FWM are considered. It was therefore a question for us to provide exact solutions to the coupled nonlinear partial differential equations which summarize the propagation dynamics in this case. These equations being visibly very complicated to consider using direct integration in their resolution, we chose the indirect method, based on the use of iB-functions. This method has already proven its effectiveness in solving certain uncoupled and strongly nonlinear equations.

But this work was also a question of verifying its functionality in the resolution of nonlinear and coupled partial differential equations. Thus, we used this approach successfully because it allowed us to obtain solutions with the main particularity of obtaining the relationships uniting the indices of the iB-functions ( $\left(n^{\prime }=n-2,m^{\prime }=m-2\right)$, $\left(n^{\prime }=n-1,m^{\prime }=m-1\right)$, $\left(n^{\prime }=n,m^{\prime }=m\right)$, $\left(n^{\prime }=n+1,m^{\prime }=m+1\right)$, $\left(n^{\prime }=n+2,m^{\prime }=m+2\right)$, $\left(n^{\prime }=3n,m^{\prime }=3m\right)$ and $\left(n=-3n^{\prime },m=-3m^{\prime }\right)$) which allowed us to decouple the range equations to finally find pairs of indices leading to solutions in particular ( $\left(n,m\right)=\left(-1/2,-1/2\right)$ and $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)=\left(1/2,1/2\right)$; $\left(n,m\right)=\left(1/2,1/2\right)$ and $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)=\left(-1/2,-1/2\right)$; $\left(n,m\right)=\left(-1,-1\right)$ and $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)=\left(1,1\right)$; $\left(n,m\right)=\left(1,1\right)$ and $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)=\left(-1,-1\right)$; $\left(n,m\right)=\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)=\left(1,1\right)$ and finally $\left(n,m\right)=\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)=\left(-1,-1\right)$).

One of our concerns was also to know if the effect of the FWM had a particular impact on one of the propagating signals (solutions), but we noted that only the properties of the fiber (dispersion coefficient, non-linearity coefficient) had a direct impact on the intensity of the wave and that the effect of the FWM was of less importance on the solutions concerning the analytical results obtained. We have also demonstrated that the angular frequency closely depends on the dispersion and temporal variation coefficients of the propagation medium which is here the optical fiber.

To return to the solutions, those obtained for $\left(n,m\right)=\left(-1/2,-1/2\right)$ and $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)=\left(1/2,1/2\right)$ as well as the solutions obtained for $\left(n,m\right)=\left(1/2,1/2\right)$ and $\left(n^{\prime },m^{\prime }\right)=\left(-1/2,-1/2\right)$ favor the modification of the initial structure of the fiber because are possible when ${\beta }_2={\beta }_4=0$. Under these conditions, the medium is very weakly dispersive. The solutions obtained in the other cases are without any modification of the structure or properties of the fiber. Our satisfaction with this work also comes from the fact that the method used allowed to find exact analytical solutions to the equations that govern the dynamics of FWM in optical fibers. Many attempts at numerical resolutions have been made but very few exact solutions have been proposed to date. This work further attempts to make a significant contribution to the understanding of propagation phenomena in optical fiber.

Data Availability Statement

All data that support the findings of this study are included within the article

Credit Autorship Contribution Statement

J.R. Bogning: Conception of the project, execution of the project, writing, Printing, Investigation, Computation and Numerical study, Interpretation of results.

M.N. Zambo Abou’ou: Writing, Printing, Investigation, Computation, Verification of results

C. R. Ngouo Tchinda: Writing, Printing, Investigation, Computation, Verification of results

M. Fomekong and others: Writing, Printing, Investigation, Computation, Verification of results

Funding

This research paper does not receive any funding from any organization

References

1. Hecht, J. (1999) City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics. Oxford University Press.

2. Baird, J.L. (1928) An Improved Method of and Means for Producing Optical Images. British Patent No. 285 738.

3. Hansell, C.W. (1930) Picture Transmission. U.S. Patent No. 1751, 584.

4. Lamm, H. (1930) Über die Möglich keiteiner elektrostatischen Bildübertra-gung. Zeitschrift fürInstrumen tenkunde, 50, 579.

5. Van Heel, A.C.S. (1957) The Reflection of Electrons from Single Crystals of Nickel and Tungsten. Nature, 173, 4394.

6. Hopkins, H.H. and Kapany, N.S. (1954) A Flexible Fibrescope, Using Static Scanning. Nature, 173, 39-41. >https://doi.org/10.1038/173039b0

7. O’Brian, B. (1958) Television System. U.S. Patent No. 2(825)260.

8. Hirschowitz, B.I. (1961) Fiber-Optic Examination of the Stomach. U.S. Patent No. 3, 010, 357.

9. Kao, K.C. and Hockham, G.A. (1966) Dielectric-Fibre Surface Waveguides for Optical Frequencies. Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 113, 1151-1158. >https://doi.org/10.1049/piee.1966.0189

10. Ainslie, B. and Day, C. (1986) A Review of Single-Mode Fibers with Modified Dispersion Characteristics. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 4, 967-979. >https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.1986.1074843

11. Bogatyrjov, V.A., Bubnov, M.M., Dianov, E.M. and Sysoliatin, A.A. (1995) Advanced Fibres for Soliton Systems. Pure and Applied Optics: Journal of the European Optical Society Part A, 4, 345-347. >https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-9659/4/4/009

12. Richardson, D.J., Chamberlin, R.P., Dongaud, L. and Payne, D.N. (1995) High Power Single-Mode Tm ³⁺-Doped Silica Fibre Laser. Optics Express, 18, 22964-22972.

13. Poole, C.D., Winters, J.H. and Nagel, J.A. (1991) Dynamical Equation for Polarization Dispersion. Optics Letters, 16, 372-374. >https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.16.000372

14. Gisin, N., Von der Weid, J.P. and Pellaux, J.P. (1991) Field Trial of a Dispersion-Managed Soliton System over 520 km of Standard Fiber Using a Net Dispersion of 4.55 ps/nm. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 9, 821-827.

15. Foschini, G.J. and Poole, C.D. (1991) Statistical Theory of Polarization Dispersion in Single Mode Fibers. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 9, 1439-1456. >https://doi.org/10.1109/50.97630

16. Zhou, J. and O’Mahony, M.J. (1994) Optical Transmission System Penalties Due to Fiber Polarization Mode Dispersion. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 6, 1265-1267. >https://doi.org/10.1109/68.329658

17. Suctsugu, Y., Kato, T. and Nishimura, M. (1995) Broadband Wavelength Conversion Using Phase and Intensity Modulation Techniques. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 7, 887-889.

18. Wai, P.R.A. and Menyuk, C.R. (1996) Polarization Dependence of Self-Phase Modulation in Dispersion Shifted Fibers. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 14, 148-153.

19. Marcuse, D., Menyuk, C.R. and Wai, P.K.A. (1997) Cross-Phase Modulation in Nonlinear Multimode Fibers. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 15, 1735-1742.

20. Bulow, H. (1998) Soliton Self-Compression in Dispersion-Decreasing Fibers. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 10, 696-698.

21. Mahgerefteh, D. and Menyuk, C.R. (1999) Soliton Interactions in Fibers with Periodically Varying Birefringence. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 11, 340-342.

22. Chernikov, S.V. and Mamyshev, P.V. (1991) Nonlinear Optical Effects in Single-Mode Fibers. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 8, 1633-1644.

23. De Martini, F., Townes, C.H., Gustafson, T.K. and Kelley, P.L. (1967) Self-Focusing of Optical Beams in Nonlinear Media. Physics Reviews, 164, 312-322.

24. Grischkowsky, D., Courtens, E. and Armstrong, J.A. (1973) Spectral Broadening of Intense Picosecond Pulses in Self-Focusing Media. Physics Review Letters, 31, 422-425.

25. Tzoar, N. and Jain, M. (1981) Stimulated Raman Scattering and Four-Wave Mixing in Isotropic Media. Physics Reviews A, 23, 1266-1273.

26. Anderson, D. and Lisak, M. (1983) Nonlinear Wave Propagation in Multidimensional Dispersive Systems. Physics Reviews A, 27, 1393-1413.

27. Yang, G. and Shen, Y.R. (1984) Optical Second-Harmonic Generation in Cubic Media. Optics Letters, 9, 510-512.

28. Alfano, R.R. (1989) The Supercontinuum Laser Source. Springer-Verlag. >https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2070-9

29. Mitschke, F.M. and Mollenauer, L.F. (1986) Interactions of Ultrashort Pulses in Optical Fibers. Optics Letters, 11, 659-661.

30. Gordon, J.P. (1986) Theory of the Optical Pumped Supercontinuum Laser. Optics Letters, 11, 662-664.

31. Kodama, Y. and Hasegawa, A. (1987) Nonlinear Pulse Propagation in a Monomode Dielectric Guide. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 23, 510-524. >https://doi.org/10.1109/jqe.1987.1073392

32. Golovchenko, E.A., Dianov, E.M., Pilipetskii, A.N., Prokhorov, A.M. and Serkin, V.N. (1987) Soliton Formation in Optical Fibers during Pumping by Ultrashort Light Pulses Soviet Physics. JETP Letters, 45, 91-93.

33. Stolen, R.H., Tomlinson, W.J., Haus, H.A. and Gordon, J.P. (1989) Raman Response Function of Silica-Core Fibers. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 6, 1159-1166. >https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.6.001159

34. Blow, K.J. and Wood, D. (1989) The Influence of Higher-Order Nonlinear Dispersion on Pulse Propagation in Single-Mode Optical Fibers. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 25, 2665-2673.

35. Mamyshev, P.V. and Chernikov, S.V. (1990) Self-Phase Modulation in Fibers with Negative Dispersion. Optics Letters, 15, 1076-1078.

36. Stolen, B.H. and Lin, C. (1978) Self-Trapping of Optical Pulses in Long, Single-Mode Fibers. Physical Review A, 17, 1448-1453.

37. Nakatsuka, H., Grischkowsky, D. and Balant, A.C. (1981) Observation of Temporally Self-Trapped Light Pulses in Long, Single-Mode Fibers. Physical Review Letters, 47, 910-913.

38. Botineua, J. and Stolen, R.H, (1982) Pulse Breakup and Self-Focusing in Silica Optical Fibers. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 72, 1592-1599.

39. Nelson, B.P., Cotter, D., Blow, K.J. and Doran, N.J, (1983) Soliton Transmission in High-Birefringence Fibers. Optics Communications, 48, 292-298.

40. Tomlinson, W.J., Stolen, R.H. and Shank, C.V. (1984) Compression and Reshaping of Optical Pulses Using Stimulated Raman Scattering. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 1, 139-145.

41. Sisakyan, I.N. and Shvartsburg, A.B. (1984) Soliton Propagation in Optical Fibers with Allowance for Stimulated Raman Scattering Soviet. Journal of Quantum Electronics, 14, 1146-1152.

42. Potasek, M.J. and Agrawal, G.P. (1986) Soliton Interaction and Raman Effect in birefringent Fibers. Electronics Letters, 22, 759-760.

43. Kumar, A. and Sodha, M.S, (1987) Soliton Self-Frequency Shift in Birefringent Optical Fibers. Electronics Letters, 23, 275-276.

44. Potasek, M.J. and Agrawal, G.P. (1987) Soliton-Soliton Interaction in Fibers with Dispersion Management. Physical Review A, 36, 3862-3865.

45. Kumar, A. and Sodha, M.S. (1987) General Formalism for the Study of Nonlinear Pulse Propagation in Optical Fibres. Electronics Letters, 23, 275-276 >https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19870200

46. Potasek, M.J. and Agrawal, G.P. (1987) Self-Amplitude-Modulation of Optical Pulses in Nonlinear Dispersive Fibers. Physical Review A, 36, 3862-3867. >https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.36.3862

47. Miguel Hickmann, J., Martins-Filho, J.F. and Gomes, A.S.L. (1991) The Effects of Stimulated Raman Scattering and Dispersive Self-Phase Modulation in the Spectral Evolution of Pulses in Single Mode Fibers. Optics Communications, 84, 327-333. >https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(91)90096-v

48. Kumar, A. (1991) Invariant of Motion Method for Nonlinear Pulse Propagation in Optical Fibers. Physical Review A, 44, 2130-2134. >https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.44.2130

49. Weidner, P. and Penzkofer, A. (1993) Spectral Broadening of Picosecond Laser Pulses in Optical Fibres. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 25, 1-25. >https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00431002

50. Stolen, R.H., Ippen, E.P. and Tynes, A.R. (1972) Raman Oscillation in Glass Optical Waveguide. Applied Physics Letters, 20, 62-64. >https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1654046

51. Ippen, E.P. and Stolen, R.H. (1972) Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Optical Fibers. Applied Physics Letters, 21, 539-541. >https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1654249

52. Smith, R.G. (1972) Optical Power Handling Capacity of Low Loss Optical Fibers as Determined by Stimulated Raman and Brillouin Scattering. Applied Optics, 11, 2489-2494. >https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.11.002489

53. Asobe, M., Kanamori, T. and Kubodera, K. (1993) Applications of Highly Nonlinear Chalcogenide Glass Fibers in Ultrafast All-Optical Switches. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 29, 2325-2333. >https://doi.org/10.1109/3.245562

54. Asobe, M. (1997) Nonlinear Optical Properties of Chalcogenide Glass Fibers and Their Application to All-Optical Switching. Optical Fiber Technology, 3, 142-148. >https://doi.org/10.1006/ofte.1997.0214

55. Mori, A., Ohishi, Y., Kanamori, T. and Sudo, S. (1997) Optical Amplification with Neodymium-Doped Chalcogenide Glass Fiber. Applied Physics Letters, 70, 1230-1232. >https://doi.org/10.1063/1.118538

56. Schaafsma, D.T., Moon, J.A., Sanghera, J.S. and Aggarwal, I.D. (1997) Fused Taper Infrared Optical Fiber Couplers in Chalcogenide Glass. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 15, 2242-2245. >https://doi.org/10.1109/50.643548

57. Mossadegh, R., Sanghera, J.S., Schaafsma, D., Cole, B.J., Nguyen, V.Q., Miklos, R.E., et al. (1998) Fabrication of Single-Mode Chalcogenide Optical Fiber. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 16, 214-217. >https://doi.org/10.1109/50.661012

58. Karpman, V.I. and Krushkal, E.M. (1969) Modulated Waves in Nonlinear Dispersive Media Soviet. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, 28, 277-281.

59. Yajima, N. and Outi, A. (1971) A New Example of Stable Solitary Waves. Progress of Theoretical Physics, 45, 1997-1998. >https://doi.org/10.1143/ptp.45.1997

60. Hardin, R.H. (1973) Applications of the Split-Step Fourier Method to the Numerical Solution of Nonlinear and Variable Coefficient Wave Equations. SIAM Review, 15, 423.

61. Fisher, R.A. and Bischel, W.K. (1975) Numerical Studies of the Interplay between Self-Phase Modulation and Dispersion for Intense Plane-Wave Laser Pulses. Journal of Applied Physics, 46, 4921-4934. >https://doi.org/10.1063/1.321476

62. Ablowitz, M.J. and Ladik, J.F. (1976) A Nonlinear Difference Scheme and Inverse Scattering. Studies in Applied Mathematics, 55, 213-229. >https://doi.org/10.1002/sapm1976553213

63. Greig, I.S. and Morris, J.L. (1976) A Hopscotch Method for the Korteweg-De-Vries Equation. Journal of Computational Physics, 20, 64-80. >https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(76)90102-9

64. Fornberg, B. and Whitham, G.B. (1978) A Numerical and Theoretical Study of Certain Nonlinear Wave Phenomena. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 289, 373-404. >https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1978.0064

65. Delfour, M., Fortin, M. and Payr, G. (1981) Finite-Difference Solutions of a Non-Linear Schrödinger Equation. Journal of Computational Physics, 44, 277-288. >https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(81)90052-8

66. Taha, T.R. and Ablowitz, M.I. (1984) Analytical and Numerical Aspects of Certain Nonlinear Evolution Equations. II. Numerical, Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation. Journal of Computational Physics, 55, 203-230.

67. Pathria, D. and Morris, J.L. (1990) Pseudo-Spectral Solution of Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations. Journal of Computational Physics, 87, 108-125. >https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(90)90228-s

68. Watkins, L.R. and Yu Rong Zhou, (1994) Modeling Propagation in Optical Fibers Using Wavelets. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 12, 1536-1542. >https://doi.org/10.1109/50.320935

69. Ismail, M.S. (1996) Finite Difference Method with Cubic Spline for Solving Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation. International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 62, 101-112. >https://doi.org/10.1080/00207169608804528

70. Peddanarappagari, K.V. and Brandt-Pearce, M. (1997) Volterra Series Transfer Function of Single-Mode Fibers. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 15, 2232-2241. >https://doi.org/10.1109/50.643545

71. Twizell, E.H., Bratsos, A.G. and Newby, J.C. (1997) A Finite-Difference Method for Solving the Cubic Schrödinger Equation. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 43, 67-75. >https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4754(96)00056-0

72. Zeng, W.P. (1999) A Leap Frog Finite Difference Scheme for a Class of Nonlinear Schrodinger Equations of High Order. Journal of Computational Mathematics, 17, 133-138.

73. Chang, Q., Jia, E. and Sun, W. (1999) Difference Schemes for Solving the Generalized Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation. Journal of Computational Physics, 148, 397-415. >https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1998.6120

74. Kane Yee, (1966) Numerical Solution of Initial Boundary Value Problems Involving Maxwell’s Equations in Isotropic Media. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 14, 302-307. >https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.1966.1138693

75. Taflove, A. (1988) Review of the Formulation and Applications of the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method for Numerical Modeling of Electromagnetic Wave Interactions with Arbitrary Structures. Wave Motion, 10, 547-582. >https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-2125(88)90012-1

76. Lee, C.F., Shin, R.T. and Kong, J.A. (1991) Fine Difference Method for Electromagnetic Scattering Problems progress in Electromagnetic Research. Elsevier.

77. Maeda, S., Kashiwa, T. and Fukai, I. (1991) Full Wave Analysis of the Propagation Characteristics of a through Hole (or via Hole) Carried out Using the finite-Difference Time-Domain (FD-TD) Method. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 39, 21.

78. Joseph, R.M., Hagness, S.C. and Taflove, A. (1991) Direct Time Integration of Maxwell’s Equations in Linear Dispersive Media with Absorption for Scattering and Propagation of Femtosecond Electromagnetic Pulses. Optics Letters, 16, 1412-1414. >https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.16.001412

79. Goorjian, P.M. and Taflove, A. (1992) Direct Time Integration of Maxwell’s Equations in Nonlinear Dispersive Media for Propagation and Scattering of Femtosecond Electromagnetic Solitons. Optics Letters, 17, 180-182. >https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.17.000180

80. Goorjian, P.M., Taflove, A., Joseph, R.M. and Hagness, S.C. (1992) Computational Modeling of Femtosecond Optical Solitons from Maxwell’s Equations. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 28, 2416-2422. >https://doi.org/10.1109/3.159548

81. Joseph, R.M., Taflove, A. and Goorjian, P.M. (1993) Direct Time Integration of Maxwell’s Equations in Two-Dimensional Dielectric Waveguides for Propagation and Scattering of Femtosecond Electromagnetic Solitons. Optics Letters, 18, 491-493. >https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.18.000491

82. Ziolkowski, R.W. and Judkins, J.B. (1993) Full-Wave Vector Maxwell Equation Modeling of the Self-Focusing of Ultrashort Optical Pulses in a Nonlinear Kerr Medium Exhibiting a Finite Response Time. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 10, 186-198. >https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.10.000186

83. Zoboli, M., Di Pasquale, F. and Selleri, S. (1993) Full-Vectorial and Scalar Solutions of Nonlinear Optical Fibers. Optics Communications, 97, 11-15. >https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(93)90608-8

84. Goorjian, P.M. and Silberberg, Y. (1997) Numerical Simulations of Light Bullets Using the Full-Vector Time-Dependent Nonlinear Maxwell Equations. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 14, 3253-3260. >https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.14.003253

85. Bespalov, V.I. and Talanov, V.I. (1996) Filamentary Structure of Light Beams in Nonlinear Liquids. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters, 3, 307-310.

86. Karpman, V.I. (1996) The Structure of Two-Dimensional Flow around Bodies in Dispersive Media. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters, 6, 277.

87. Karpman, V.I. and Krushkal, E.M. (1969) Modulation Instability of Whistler Waves. SOV. Phys. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters, 28, 277.

88. Nakazawa, M., Suzuki, K. and Haus, H.A. (1988) Modulational Instability Oscillation in Nonlinear Dispersive Ring Cavity. Physical Review A, 38, 5193-5196. >https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.38.5193

89. Nakazawa, M., Suzuki, K., Kubota, H. and Haus, H.A. (1989) High-Order Solitons and the Modulational Instability. Physical Review A, 39, 5768-5776. >https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.39.5768

90. Coen, S. and Haelterman, M. (1997) Modulational Instability Induced by Cavity Boundary Conditions in a Normally Dispersive Optical Fiber. Physical Review Letters, 79, 4139-4142. >https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.79.4139

91. Yu, M., McKinstrie, C.J. and Agrawal, G.P. (1998) Temporal Modulation Instabilities of Counterpropagating Waves in a Finite Dispersive Kerr Medium II Application to Fabry-Perot Cavities. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 15, 617-624. >https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.15.000617

92. Coen, S. and Haelterman, M. (1998) Modulational Instabilities in Passive Cavities: Theory and Experiment. In: Zakharov, V.E. and Wabnitz, S., Eds., Optical Solitons: Theoretical Challenges and Industrial Perspectives, Springer, 216-231.

93. Coen, S., Haelterman, M., Emplit, P., Delage, L., Simohamed, L.M. and Reynaud, F. (1998) Experimental Investigation of the Dynamics of a Stabilized Nonlinear Fiber Ring Resonator. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 15, 2283-2293. >https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.15.002283

94. Smith, N.J., Doran, N.J., Forysiak, W. and Knox, F.M. (1997) Soliton Transmission Using Periodic Dispersion Compensation. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 15, 1808-1822. >https://doi.org/10.1109/50.633558

95. Mollenauer, L.F. and Mamyshev, P.V. (1998) Massive Wavelength-Division Multiplexing with Solitons. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 34, 2089-2102. >https://doi.org/10.1109/3.726598

96. Mu, R.M., Grigoryan, V.S., Menyuk, C.R., Carter, G.M. and Jacob, J.M. (2000) Comparison of Theory and Experiment for Dispersion-Managed Solitons in a Recirculating Fiber Loop. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 6, 248-257. >https://doi.org/10.1109/2944.847760

97. Turitsyn, S.K., Fedoruk, M.P., Shapiro, E.G., Mezenrsev, V.K. and Turitsyna, E.G. (2000) Novel Approaches to Numerical Modeling of Periodic Dispersion-Managed Fiber Communication Systems. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 6, 263-275. >https://doi.org/10.1109/2944.847762

98. Karpman, V.I. and Maslov, E.M. (1977) Perturbation Theory for Solitons. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, 73, 537-559.

99. Kaup, D.J. and Newell, A.C. (1978) Solitons as Particles, Oscillators, and in Slowly Changing Media: A Singular Pertubation Theory. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 361, 413.

100. Karpman, V.I. (1979) A Soliton System Subject to Pertubation. Oscillatory Shock Waves. Soviet Physics: Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, 50, 58-62.

101. Kivshar, Y.S. and Malomed, B.A. (1989) Dynamics of Solitons in Nearly Integrable Systems. Reviews of Modern Physics, 61, 763-915. >https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.61.763

102. Sasa, N. and Satsuma, J. (1991) New-Type of Soliton Solutions of Nonlinear Wave Equations. Physics Letters A, 289, 69-74.

103. Menyuk, C.R. (1993) Soliton Robustness in Optical Fibers. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 10, 1585-1591. >https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.10.001585

104. Georges, T. and Favre, F. (1993) Modulation, Filtering, and Initial Phase Control of Interacting Solitons. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 10, 1880-1889. >https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.10.001880

105. Georges, T. (1995) Perturbation Theory for the Assessment of Soliton Transmission Control. Optical Fiber Technology, 1, 97-116. >https://doi.org/10.1006/ofte.1995.1001

106. Hasegawa, H. and Kodama, Y. (1995) Solitons in Optical Communications. Oxford University Press.

107. Akhmediev, N.N., and Ankiewiez, A.A. (1997) Solitons. Chapman and Horn.

108. Miwa, T. (1999) Mathematics of Solitons. Cambridge University Press.

109. Bogning, J.R. (2013) Analytical Soliton Solutions and Wave Solutions of Discrete Nonlinear Cubic-Quintique Ginzburg-Landau Equations in Array of Dissipative Optical Systems. American Journal of computational and Applied Mathematics, 3, 97-105.

110. Diameut, P. (1990) Wave Transmission and Fiber Optics. Macmillan.

111. Agrawal, G.P. (1995) Nonlinear Fiber Optics. Third Edition, Academic Press.

112. Baird, J.L. (1928) History of Optical Fibers and What Is Optical Fiber. British Patent No. 285 738.

113. Hansell, C.W. (1930) Fiber Optics and Its Applications. U.S. Patent 751 584.

114. Kapany, N.S. (1967) Fiber Optics: Principles and Applications. Academic Press.

115. Kaminov, I.P. and Koch, T.L. (1997) Optical Fiber Telecommunications III. Academic Press.

116. Mollenauer, L., Gordon, J. and Islam, M. (1986) Soliton Propagation in Long Fibers with Periodically Compensated Loss. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 22, 157-173. >https://doi.org/10.1109/jqe.1986.1072858

117. Shank, C.V., Fork, R.L., Yen, R., Stolen, R.H. and Tomlinson, W.J. (1982) Compression of Femtosecond Optical Pulses. Applied Physics Letters, 40, 761-763. >https://doi.org/10.1063/1.93276

118. Armstrong, J.A., Bloembergen, N., Ducuing, J. and Pershan, P.S. (1962) Interactions between Light Waves in a Nonlinear Dielectric. Physical Review, 127, 1918-1939. >https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.127.1918

119. Shen, Y.R. (1984) The Principles of Nonlinear Optics. Wiley.

120. Schubert, M. and Wilhermi, B. (1986) Nonlinear Optics and Quantum Electronics. Wiley.

121. Butcher, P.N. and Colter, D. (1990) Elements of Nonlinear Optics. Cambridge University Press.

122. Boyd, R.W. (1992) Nonlinear Optics. Academic Press.

123. Stolen, R.H., Bjorkholm, J.E. and Ashkin, A. (1974) Phase-Matched Three-Wave Mixing in Silica Fiber Optical Waveguides. Applied Physics Letters, 24, 308-310. >https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1655195

124. Matera, F., Settembre, M., Tamburrini, M., Zitelli, M. and Turitsyn, S. (2000) Reduction of the Four Wave Mixing in Optically Amplified Links by Reducing Pulse Overlapping. Optics Communications, 181, 407-411. >https://doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(00)00769-0

125. Trillo, S., Millot, G., Seve, E. and Wabnitz, S. (1998) Vector Modulational Instabilities and Soliton Experiments. Applied Physics Letters, 72, 150-152.

126. Nakajima, K., Ohashi, M., Shiraki, K., Horiguchi, T., Kurokawa, K. and Miyajima, Y. (1999) Four-Wave Mixing Suppression Effect of Dispersion Distributed Fibers. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 17, 1814-1822. >https://doi.org/10.1109/50.793758

127. Song, S., Allen, C.T., Demarest, K.R. and Hui, R. (1999) Intensity-Dependent Phase-Matching Effects on Four-Wave Mixing in Optical Fibers. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 17, 2285-2290. >https://doi.org/10.1109/50.803021

128. Stolen, R. and Bjorkholm, J. (1982) Parametric Amplification and Frequency Conversion in Optical Fibers. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 18, 1062-1072. >https://doi.org/10.1109/jqe.1982.1071660

129. Bogning, J.R., Djeumen Tchaho, C.T. and Kofané, T.C. (2012) Construction of the Soliton Solutions of the Ginzburg–landau Equations by the New Bogning-Djeumen Tchaho-Kofané Method. Physica Scripta, 85, Article ID: 025013. >https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/85/02/025013

130. Bogning, J.R., Djeumen Tchaho, C.T. and Kofané, T.C. (2012) Generalization of the Bogning-Djeumen Tchaho-Kofané Method for the Construction of the Solitary Waves and the Survey of the Instabilities. Far East Journal of Dynamical Systems, 20, 101-119.

131. Bogning, J.R., Dongmo, C.J. and Tchawoua, C. (2021) The Probabilities of Obtaining Solitary Wave and Other Solutions in the Modified Noguchi Power Line. Journal of Mathematics Research, 13, 19-29. >https://doi.org/10.5539/jmr.v13n4p19

132. Ngouo Tchinda, C.R. and Bogning, J.R. (2020) Impact of the Properties of the Elliptical Birefringent Optical Fiber on the Nature and Propagation of Wave and Solitary Wave Solutions. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Science, 5, 27-43.

133. Ngouo Tchinda, C. and Roger Bogning, J. (2020) Solitary Waves and Property Management of Nonlinear Dispersive and Flattened Optical Fiber. American Journal of Optics and Photonics, 8, 27-32. >https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajop.20200801.13

134. Bogning, J.R., Njikue, R., Ngantcha, J.P., Omanda, H.M. and Tchaho, C.T.D. (2022) Probabilities and Probable Solutions of a Modified Kdv Type Nonlinear Partial Differential Equation. Asian Research Journal of Mathematics, 18, 1-13. >https://doi.org/10.9734/arjom/2022/v18i130350

135. Bogning, J.R. (2019) Mathematics for Physics: The Implicit Bogning Functions&Applications. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.

136. Bogning, J.R. (2019) Mathematics for Nonlinear Physics: Solitary Wave in the Center of the Resolution of Dispersive Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations. Dorrance Publishing Co.

137. Bogning, J.R. (2020) Elements of Analytical Mechanics and Quantum Physics. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.

138. Bogning, J.R. (2022) Mathematics for Physics: Introduction to Main and Secondary iB-Functions. Generis Publishing.