The total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), polycyclic aromatics (PCA), nonvolatile suspended solids and volatile suspended solids besides other important parameters, total hardness, calcium hardness, CO
2 content, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, sedimentation time, chemical oxygen demands, biochemical oxygen demands, pH value after sedimentation and pH after coagulation in aerobic treatment are surveyed due to the changes in fast mixing rate. The experimental results show the TPH removal percentage and PCA removal percentage increases from 53.5% to 62.8% and 43.8% to 46.3% with increasing of nano dosage from 1 gr to 2.5 gr, respectively.
Wastewater TPH PCA Temperature Fast Mixing Oxygen pH Hardness1. Introduction
The scientists have been developing impellers and various head constructions for years to efficiently cope with most processes and to ensure extended reliability of the mixers. Agitators are mostly installed in the following applications such as; petroleum storage, refined product, bioethanol fermentation, edible oil storage, bitumen, alcohol storage, pulp and paper [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Water and wastewater mixers are critical components of the multi-step process of water and wastewater treatment [6] [7] [8] . Water treatment requires precise control at each stage in its process—from rapid flash mixing to polymer and chemical addition [9] . This control requires specific wastewater mixers designed by engineers focused on this process and industry. Mixing solutions for water and wastewater treatment must address the intricacies of our processes, from G value specifications to tank and baffle geometries [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . While some chemicals simply need to be dissolved, others, such as lime slurries, require that solids be kept in suspension. Similarly, floc/agglomerated particles formed in a flocculation tank are highly sensitive to shear. That’s why it’s critical to have a low shear polymer mixer that creates an axial flow pattern that won’t damage the particles [15] [16] [17] [18] . One of the famous treatment methods to reduce suspended solids and turbidity is the coagulation and flocculation. Coagulation uses salts such as aluminum sulfate (alum) or ferrous ferric (iron) salts, which bond to the suspended particles, making them less stable in suspension, i.e., more likely to settle out. Flocculation is the binding or physical enmeshment of these destabilized particles, and results in flocs that are heavier than water, which settles out in a clarifier [19] [20] [21] . Scientists stated that removal of very small particles by gravity sedimentation requires excessively long retention periods. Typically, these solids are bacteria, viruses, colloidal organic and fine mineral [22] [23] [24] [25] . Chemical treatment of wastewater containing these solids results in the precipitation of chemical agents which cause flocculation and rapid settling [26] [27] [28] [29] . In addition to solids removal, chemical treatment can help the reduction of organic pollution. A study was made to determine the effectiveness of various mixers on the removal of organic pollutants [30] [31] [32] [33] . Researchers studied mixing, coagulation and flocculation process with a standard jar test procedure with rapid and slow mixing of a kaolin suspension (aluminum silicate), at 150 rotate per minute and 30 rpm, respectively, in which a cation Al3+, acts as a coagulant and pectin acts as the flocculent and found that maximum flocculating activity and turbidity reduction are in the region of pH greater than 3, cation concentration greater than 0.5 mM, and pectin dosage greater than 20 mg/L, using synthetic turbid wastewater within the range. The flocculating activity for pectin and turbidity reduction in wastewater is at 99% [34] [35] [36] [37] . Other scientists investigated the feasibility of mixing rate and ferric coagulant recovery from chemical sludge and its recycle in chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) and found that the efficiency of coagulant recovery had a linear relationship with sludge reduction [38] [39] [40] [41] . Experiments verify that it would be a sustainable and cost-effective way to recover ferric coagulant from coagulation sludge in water treatment and chemical wastewater treatment and then recycle it to CEPT, as well as reduce sludge volume [42] [43] . The researchers studied treatment of wastewater discharged from four car washes by sedimentation and coagulation. The effect of the coagulants Servical P (aluminum hydroxychloride), Servican 50 (poly (diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride)), aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride was evaluated. The achieved removal using sedimentation was 82%, 88%, 73% and 51% for oils, total suspended solids, COD, and turbidity, respectively [44] - [49] . In the treatment by coagulation we achieved average efficiencies nearly to 74% for COD removal, greater than 88% in the case of total suspended solids removal and 92% in the case of turbidity and except the performance of Servican 50 greater than 90% in oil removal [50] - [61] . Some researchers studied the treatment of tannery wastewater through coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation. They investigated the occurred coagulation process by mixing rate of mixers [62] - [69] . They stated that alum was used as a coagulant with cationic and anionic polymers as a coagulant aid. The results were compared with those when alum was used alone for the treatment [70] - [81] . The comparison revealed that the use of coagulant aid reduced sludge volume by 60% - 70% and cost of chemicals by 50% for comparable removal efficiencies [82] - [93] . The researchers studied the waste activated sludge (WAS) as a coagulation and sedimentation aid in the coagulation-flocculation process with ferric chloride or aluminum sulfate as a coagulant for the treatment of wastewater collected from the aforementioned industry [94] - [103] . Without the WAS addition, the concentrations of 800 mg/L aluminum sulfate at the optimum pH value of 8 and 2208 mg/L ferric chloride at the optimum pH value of 12 were the optimum chemical dosages [50] . It appears that aluminum sulfate was more effective than ferric chloride based on the chemical dosage and removal efficiency [51] . The addition of 200 mg/L was sufficient to reduce the optimum dosages of both chemicals by 200 mg/L [27] . Some scientists performed a study to evaluate the efficiency of cationic polymers as a suitable replacement for metal salts for the treatment of local tannery wastewater [31] [49] . Eleven cationic polymers of varying molecular weights (MW) and charge densities (CD) were examined using jar test apparatus [33] [38] . The results demonstrated that treatment of tannery wastewater with cationic polymers is a viable and economical option when compared with metal salts [41] [44] . The aim of the present study is to investigate the optimum coagulant dose and type of coagulants to be used to reduce the strength of the wastewater and improve its biological treatment. The experimental parameters used in this study include mixer shape. Undoubtedly, the effect of shape on the total hardness, (T.H.), suspended solids, (S.S.), turbidity, and total dissolved solids (T.D.S.) is very basic. So, the effect of three types of mixers is investigated in this paper.
2. Materials and Methods
In the field of water treatment, mixing and contacting are important unit operations having a fundamental influence on the performance of individual process stages or even on the results of the complete process itself. The ever increasing demands on water quality call for continuous improvement of the cleansing processes. This has led to a marked increase in the general use of mixers for mixing and contacting operations in the treatment units. The objective of this work is evaluation of NVSS and VSS parameters of effluent waste water of aerobic treatment unit by usage of mineral nano coagulant in pre-treatment unit. This will be happen using coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation process, respectively. Components like aluminum sulfate, Ferric sulfate and Ferric chloride are three common commercial nano coagulants which are applied in this experimental study. Some of related reactions are presented by relations (1), (2) and (3).
6-liter waste water, Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Carbonate with the used coagulant is added in this reactor.
3. Results and Discussion
The results are shown in this section. The basic parameters are evaluated in the below parts.
The chemical oxygen demands of wastewater in an aerobic lagoon are important to describe the performance of treatment briefly. Addition of ferric sulfate introduces the oxygen ions if the sulfate ions don’t react with the hardness ions. Also all carbonate and sulfate may be hydrated and releases the oxygen. The decrease in the amount of COD from 25.2 ppm to 19 ppm is obtained by the increase in the amount of fast mixing rate from 50 rpm to 120 rpm. Then the increase in the COD value to 25 ppm is obtained by the increase in the amount of fast mixing rate to 200 rpm. So, comparing the results of contaminant elimination with Figure 1 shows that the lowest amount of TH, calcium hardness, CO2 and EC value between 90 rpm and 120 rpm occurs not only since of formation of complexes with oxygen but also other ions are interpreted in formation of flocs.
Figure 2 shows the value of BOD versus the values of fast mixing rate. Biochemical oxygen demands are one criterion to show the amount of microorganisms in the wastewater. This value may lead to the amount of volatile compounds. The best value of a fast mixing rate, which obtains 6.5 ppm as a minimum amount of BOD is 120 rpm. The decrease-increase trend in BOD values is obtained. Lowest amount of BOD may show the higher amount of microorganisms which trapped in the flocs. This leads to the more stable condition in wastewater. Although, the values of 8 to 9 ppm are obtained at 60 to 90 rpm.
The total petroleum hydrocarbon of wastewater through amount of nano coagulant is shown in Figure 3. With increasing of nano dosage from 1 gr to 2.5 gr the TPH removal percentage increases from 53.5% to 62.8%. Passing time increases the amount of TPH removal percent. So, nano coagulant shows the best performance in removal of total petroleum hydrocarbon.
The effect of nano coagulant amount on the amount of polycyclic aromatic is shown in Figure 4. With increasing of nano coagulant from 1 gr to 2.5 gr the PCA percentage increases from 43.8% to 46.3%. Passing time decreases the amount of PCA of wastewater.
4. Conclusion
The effluent waste water from petrochemical complex is considered in this research. The usage of nanometal oxides is considered in recent years in treatment processes. In this research, the application of nano ferric oxide as a mineral coagulant is studied to treat the wastewater in an aerobic lagoon. Experimental tests are conducted in two series tanks. Experimental results show with increasing of nano dosage from 1 gr to 2.5 gr the TPH removal percentage increases from 53.5% to 62.8%. Passing time increases the amount of TPH removal percent. Moreover, the empirical results illustrate with increasing of nano coagulant from 1 gr to 2.5 gr the PCA percentage increases from 43.8% to 46.3%. Passing time decreases the amount of PCA of wastewater.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Cite this paper
Haghighi, P. and Farahbod, F. (2023) Empirical Investigation of Major Variables for Purification of Industrial Waste Water. Advances in Nanoparticles, 12, 81-93. https://doi.org/10.4236/anp.2023.123007
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(2015) The Experimental Investigation of Production of Formaldehyde. Nanotechnology Research and Practice, 5, 13-22.Fard, A.S. and Farahbod, F. (2015) Investigation of Dynamics of Nanofluid. Nanotechnology Research and Practice, 6, 68-71.Hoseini, A., Farahbod, F. and Ansari, A. (2015) Investigation of Performance of Sweetening Process of Sour Methane Gas; Novel View. International Journal of Chemical and Biomolecular Science, 1, 244-247.Rakhshandeh, N. and Farahbod, F. (2015) Experimental Investigation of Role of Different Wicks in Heat Pipe. Physics Journal, 1, 204-208.Sadeghi, J. and Farahbod, F. (2015) The Effect of Nano Particles on the Physical Properties of Heavy and Light Oils. International Journal of Chemical and Biomolecular Science, 1, 260-263.Gholamnajafi, H. and Farahbod, F. (2015) Investigation of Relation between the Bromine and Chlorine Content and Hydrogen Sulphide Removal from Gas Oil, Novel Technology Aspect. International Journal of Materials Chemistry and Physics, 1, 271-275.Niazi, R., Farahbod, F. and Zahedani, M.H.Z. (2015) Experimental Investigation of Solar Still Yield for Evaluation of Evaporation Rate. Physics Journal, 1, 158-162.Shafie, A., Farahbod, F. and Zargar, G. (2015) Parametric Study of Rheological Properties of Novel Composition of Drilling Fluid. International Journal of Materials Chemistry and Physics, 1, 257-264.Farahbod, F. and Farahmand, S. (2014) Experimental Study of Solar-Powered Desalination Pond as Second Stage in Proposed Zero Discharge Desalination Process. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 136, 031202-031209. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4026915Farahbod, F., Zamanpour, A. and Shirazi, F. (2014) Presentation of Novel Basic Conditions for Sweetening of Crude Oil. European Journal of Technology and Design, 6, 169-172.Riyahin, M., Montazeri, G.M., Jamoosian, L. and Farahbod, F. (2014) PVT-Generated Correlations of Heavy Oil Properties. Petroleum Science and Technology, 32, 703-711. https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2011.604060Farahbod, F. and Zareie, H. (2014) Experimental Study of Heat Pipe. Nanotechnology Research and Practice, 4, 180-186.Pakdel, A., Farahbod, F. and Farahmand, S. (2014) Practical Solution for Usage of Desalination Unit Wastewater: Mobin Petrochemical Complex as Strategic Utility Unit. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 5, 750-759.Farahbod, F. and Farahmand, S. (2013) Experimental Study of Solar Pond Coupled With Forced Circulation Crystallizer as Major Stages of Proposed Zero Discharge Desalination Process. Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, 6, 021002-021008. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4025420Farahbod, F., Bagheri, N. and Madadpour, F. (2013) Effect of Solution Content ZnO Nanoparticles on Thermal Stability of Polyvinyl Chloride. Journal of Nanotechnology in Engineering and Medicine, 4, 021001-021006. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4025209Farahbod, F., Farahmand, S., Fard, M.J.S. and Nikkhahi, M. (2013) Finding of Optimum Effective Parameters on Sweetening of Methane Gas by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. Journal of Nanotechnology in Engineering and Medicine, 4, 021003-021008. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4025467Farahbod, F., Mowla, D., Nasr, M.R.J. and Soltanieh, M. (2013) Experimental Study of a Solar Desalination Pond as Second Stage in Proposed Zero Discharge Desalination Process. Solar Energy, 97, 138-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2013.02.033Farahbod, F., Mowla, D., Nasr, M.R.J. and Soltanieh, M. (2013) Optimization of Process Patameters in Pre-Waste Water Treatment of Petrochemical Plant. Journal of Applied Researches in Chemistry (JARC), 7, 17-26.Karimi, R. and Farahbod, F. (2013) Applied Investigation of Effluent Wastewater of Desalination Systems: South Pars Gas Company. Universal Journal of Environmental Research & Technology, 3, 585-596.Farahbod, F., Mowla, D., Nasr, M.R.J. and Soltanieh, M. (2012) Experimental Study of Forced Circulation Evaporator in Zero Discharge Desalination Process. Desalination, 285, 352-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.10.026Farahbod, F., Mowla, D., Nasr, M.R.J. and Soltanieh, M. (2012) Investigation of Solar Desalination Pond Performance Experimentally and Mathematically. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 134, 041201-041205. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4007194Farahbod, F. (2012) Investigations to Find Appropriate Range of pH and a New Replacement for Hydrazine to Protect Corrosion in Steam-Tanks of Petrochemical Industries. Engineering Failure Analysis, 22, 38-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2012.01.003Farahbod, F., Farahmand, S. and Farahbod, F. (2012) Novel Arrangement of Rough Tubes for Heat Flux Improvement. Defect and Diffusion Forum, 326-328, 81-86. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.326-328.81Farahmand, S., Nasr, M.R.J. and Farahbod, F. (2011) Novel Plan of Triethylene Glycol Regeneration Packed Tower for Energy and Cost Saving. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 89, 520-528. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.20437Farahbod, F. (2021) Technical Study of New Industrial Processes in Chemical Engineering. Scholars’ Press, Chisinau.Farahbod, F. and Farahmand, S. (2016) Prediction of Forced Circulation Crystallizer Performance Using ANN. Scholars’ Press, Chisinau.Nahhal, D., El-Nahhal, I., Najar, H., Al-Agha, M. and El Nahhal, Y. (2021) Acidity, Electric Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen Total Dissolved Solid and Salinity Profiles of Marine Water in Gaza: Influence of Wastewater Discharge. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 12, 408-428. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajac.2021.1211025