Messapian Personal Anthroponyms

This article follows two previous publications dedicated respectively to the Venetic and Illyrian personal anthroponyms. This article investigates the Messapian personal anthroponyms from the Monumenta Linguae Messapicae. The meaning of their roots was identified by comparing each one of them with corresponding lexemes in the present surviving Slavic languages. The result is that the Messapian personal anthroponyms having Slavic roots is 52.91%, which permits us to estimate that in the period from the VI to the I cen. BC roughly 53% of the Messapian population had Slavic ascendancies. This highlights that Slavs were already present in Europe well before the VII cen. A.D. date, according to the generally accepted theory, of the Slav late arrival. The logical consequence of this is that this theory is wrong and should be rejected.

• Messapians
• Anthroponyms
• Veneti
• Illyrians
• Slavs
• Late Arrival

1. Introduction

A great number of publications deal with the origins, languages and the territories occupied by the ancient Messapians (M) but, in essence, it is possible to say that up to now what represented the entity constituted by the ancient M is rather uncertain. An approach to acquire information about them through the M personal (pers.) anthroponyms (a.) was object of some publications. In one of them (Krahe, 1929) a list of M pers. a. according to their appearance in the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) was proposed without providing information about their etymology. The purpose of this article is to deepen the knowledge about the M by considering the M pers. a. according to their appearance in the Monumenta Linguae Messapicae (MLM) (De Simone & Marchesini, 2002) and the meaning of their roots according to their similarity with corresponding lexemes in the present surviving Slavic languages. This article follows a first publication dedicated to the Veneti (V) pers. a. (Stein & Tomezzoli, 2020) and a second one dedicated to the Illyrian (I) pers. a. (Tomezzoli & Stein, 2021) and inter alia provides a reply to the question about the way in which the ancient M, I and V were related.

2. Messapian Personal Anthroponyms

The records in the MLM (De Simone & Marchesini, 2002) have been considered one by one and only those containing M pers. a. having Slavic roots have been retained in alphabetic order in Table 1.

1) If a record contained a M pers. a. in nominative case, the record was retained in Table 1 and other records containing the same M pers. a. but in other cases have not been retained.

2) If a record contained a M pers. a. not in the nominative case but in one of the other cases, the record was retained in Table 1 and other records containing the same M pers. a. in other cases have not been retained.

3) If two or more records contained the same M pers. a. in the same case only one has been retained in Table 1.

4) If two records contained respectively the same M pers. a. in the masc. and the fem. case, both the two records have been retained in Table 1.

Each Table 1 record contains:

­ A first item containing: the progressive record number, the M pers. a. either in nominative or another case, the attestation: i.e. the number of the inscription containing the M pers. a. and the locality of the inscription discovery, the corresponding MLM (De Simone & Marchesini, 2002) page number and the corresponding meaning of its Slavic root (Glosbe, 2022; Google, 2022; Kovalev, 1999) ; in case of a M pers. a. with two roots: 1) indicates the first root; 1a) indicates a possible alternative first root; 2) indicates the second root; 2a) indicates a possible alternative second root;

­ A second item containing the corresponding lexemes having the same root in the present surviving Slavic languages (Table 2);

­ A third item containing the correspondence of the M pers. a., if any, with a V pers. a. (V.T1.n: Table 1 of Stein & Tomezzoli, 2020 , record number) and its correspondence with an I pers. a. (I.T1.n: Table 1 of Tomezzoli & Stein, 2021 , record number).

In Table 1 the following conventions apply: θ = θ, š = š, Ѱ = dental affricate, Ų ψ ↑ = velar affricates.

Table 1

Messapian anthroponym list

A
1) aviθa, 5 Me, p 3 - to reveal
Bel явіць, O.Ch.Sl авити, Pol ujawnić, Rus явить, Ser авить, Ukr явити
I.T1.5
2) aviθas, 15 Bal, p 4 - as 1)
3) aviθes, 9 Ro, p 5 - as 1)
4) aviθos (= aviθ(o)as ?), 1 Ga, p 5 - as 1)
5) aviѰes, 20 Ve, p 6 - as 1)
6) aiddetis, 3 Car, p 8 - let’s go
Bel гайда, Rus айда, Ser хајде, Ukr айда
7) aka, 5 Lup, p 9 - yeah
Bel ага, Rus ага, Ukr ага
B
8) balasiiri< >, 1 Br, p 51 - gem, precious stone
Bel балас, Bul балас, Cro balas, Cze balas, Lit balas, Rus балас, Ser балас, Ukr балас
9) balašihi, 9 Cav, p 52 - as 8)
10) balehi, 13 Rud, p 53 - white
Bel белы, Bos bijelo, Bul Бяла, Cro bijeli, Cze bílý, Lit baltas, Mac бело, O.Ch.Sl бѣлъ, Pol biały, Rus белый, Ser бео, Slo bela, Slv biely, Ukr білий
V.T1.8, I.T1.9
11) baliahiai< >, 1 Br, p 54 - sorcerer
Bel балій, Rus балий, Ukr балій
12) balias, 27 Lup, p 54 - as 11)
13) bizat<>s, 3 Os, p 62 - to run
Bel бегчы, Bos bježi, Bul бягай, Cro bježati, O.Ch.Sl бѣжати, Rus бежать, Ser бежати, Slv bežať
14) blaθes, 17 Ro, p 65 - swamp
Bel балота, Bul блато, Mac блато, O.Ch.Sl блато , Pol błota, Rus болото, Ukr болото
15) bl< >es, 2 Gn, p 65 - as 14)
16) bla[t]θana, 19 Ur, p 66 - as 14)
17) blatθei< >as, 16 Gn, p 67 - as 14)
18) blatθe[s], 3 Car, p 67 - as 14)
19) bobarnas, 20 Ve, p 69 - bean
Bel боб, Bul боб, Cze bob, Pol bobowy, Rus боб, Slo bob, Ukr біб
20) bohonihi, 33 Rud, p 69 - God
Bel бог, Bos bog, Bul богът, Cro bog, Cze bůh, Mac богот, O.Ch.Sl богъ, Pol bóg, Rus бог, Ser бог, Slo bog, Slv boh, Ukr бог
21) bollihi, 7 Gn, p 69 - pain
Bel боль, Bos bol, Bul болка, Cro bol, Cze bolest, Mac болка, O.Ch.Sl боль, Pol ból, Rus боль, Ser бол, Slo bolečine, Slv bolesť, Ukr біль
22) bolosas, 21 Lup, p 70 - as 21)
23) borrahetis, 3 Car, p 70 - pine forest
Bos bor, Bul борова, Cro bor, Cze borová, Mac бор, Rus бор, Ser бор, Slo bor, Slv bór
I.T1.14
24) brinnaštes, 4 Br, p 72 - efemere
Rus бренный
G
25) gaorio, 29 Rud, p 75 - mountain
Bel гaра, Cze hora, O.Ch.Sl гора, Pol góra, Rus гора, Slo gora, Ukr гора
I.T1.28
26) gaorraihi, 35 Al, p 75 - as 25)
27) gorrihi, 48 Lup, p 77 - as 25)
28) grah< >, 6 Rud, p 77- dream
Bel грёза, O.Ch.Sl грѣза, Rus грёза
I.T1.53
29) grahis, 1 Ur, p 78 - as 28)
30) grosdihe, 10 Ur, p 80 - bunch
Rus гроздь
D
31) dazehias, 16 Ro, p 83 - 1st pers. sing. imperative of to give
Bel даж, Bos dazh, Bul даж, Cro dazh, Cze dazh, Lit dazh, Mac даж, Pol dazh, Rus дажь, Ser дазх, Slo dazh, Slv dazh
V.T1.26, I.T1.32
32) dazeh[i?]as, 4 Gn, p 83 - as 31)
33) dazemoi?, 1 Az, p 83 - 1st pers. plur. imperative of to give
Bel дажым, Cro dajemo, Pol dajemy, Rus дажим, Ser дајемо, Slo dajemo, Ukr дажим
34) dazes, 16 Gn, p 84 - as 31)
35) dazet, 19 Al, p 84 - ten
Bel дзесяць, Bos deset, Bul десет, Cro deset, Cze deset, Mac десет, O.Ch.Sl , Rus десять, Ser десет, Slo deset, Slv desať, Ukr десять
36) dazetei, 26 Gn, p 84 - tenth
Bel дзясяты, Bos deseti, Bul десети, Cro deseti , Cze desátý, Lit dešimtas, Mac десетти, O.Ch.Sl десѧтъ, Pol dziesiąty, Rus десятый, Ser десети, Slo deseti, Slv desiaty, Ukr десятий
V.T1.29, I.T134
37) dazetθes, 3 Car, p 85 - as 36)
38) dazetis, 3 Car, p 85 - as 36)
39) dazeψiai[hi ?], 31 Cae, p 86 - as 36)
40) dazzes, 7 Ro, p 86 - as 31)
41) da< >etos, 8 Cae, p 87 - as 36)
42) dazia, 1 Ar, p 87 - as 31)
43) dazihi, 3 Cae, p 87 - as 31)
44) daziohnas, 7 Gn, p 88
(1) as 31) 1st pers. sing. imperative of to give
(2) hunt
Bul гоня, Cze honit, Pol gonić, Rus гнаться, Slv honiť
V.T1.32, I.T1.54
45) dazihoni, 19 Ur, p 88
(1) as 44) (1) 1st pers. sing. imperative of to give
(2) as 44) (2) hunt
46) dazihonne[s], 19 Al, p 88
(1) as 44) (1) 1st pers. sing. imperative of to give
(2) as 44) (2) hunt
47) dazihos, 50 Al, p 89 - as 31)
48) dazima[.?], 3 Mu, p 89 - as 33)
49) dazimas, 6 Cae, p 90 - as 33)
50) da< >imida, 1 Gn, p 90 - as 33)
51) dazimos, 1 La, p 91 - as 33)
52) dazims, 4 ?, p 91 - as 33)
53) dazoas, 11 Uz, p 92 - as 31)
54) dazohonnihi, 1 Bas, p 93
(1) as 44) (1) 1st pers. sing. imperative of to give
(2) as 44) (2) hunt
55) dazoimihi, 13 Rud, p 93 - as 33)
56) dazoma, 3 Ro, p 93 - as 33)
57) dazoma ([…]), 7 Ro, p 94 - as 33)
58) dazomas, 4 Cae, p 94 - as 33)
59) dazomoas, 27 Lup, p 95 - as 33)
60) dazos, 8 Uz, p 95 - as 31)
61) dašta, 11 Cae, p 102 - will give
Bel дасць, Cro dat će, Pol da się, Rus даст, Ser даће, Ukr дасть
62) daštas, 23 Al, p 102 - as 61)
63) daszes, 10 Bas, p 104 - as 31)
64) dastas, 2 Me, p 104 - as 61) fem
65) dastas, 2 Lup, p 105 - as 61) masc
66) dastidda, 6 Ar, p 105 - as 61)
67) dezes, 21 Lup, p 106 - as 31)
68) deivas, 1 Sa, p 108 - virgin
Bel дзева, Bos djevica, Bul дева, Cro djevica, Mac девица, O.Ch.Sl дѣва, Rus дева, Ser девица, Slo devica, Ukr діва
69) diva, 3 Ar, p 112- as 68)
70) divana, 11 Ur, p 113 - as 68)
71) divanovas, 13 Al, p 113
(1) as 68) - virgin
(2) new
Bel новы, Bos novo, Bul нов, Cro novi, Cze nový, Lit naujas, Mac нов, O.Ch.Sl новъ, Pol nowy, Rus новый, Ser нови, Slo novo, Slv nový, Ukr новий
I.T1.94
72) diθehaihi, 4 Ur, p 113 - child
Bel дзіця, Bos dijete, Bul дете, Cro dijete, Cze dítě, Mac дете, O.Ch.Sl дѣть, Rus дитя, Ser дете, Slv dieťa, Ukr дитя
I.T1.37, I.T1.38
73) droššihi, 26 Cae, p 118 - shiver
Bel дрыжыкі, O.Ch.Sl трѫсъ, Pol dreszcz, Rus дрожь, Ser дрхтати, Ukr дрож
74) ]dazzim[, 38 Ur, p 118 - as 33)
E
75) etθeta, 24 Cae, p 126 - this
Bel. гэта, Cze. tento, O.Ch.Sl. тъ, Pol. to, Rus. этот
I.T1.45
76) etθetoa, 2 Rud, p 126 - as 75)
77) etos, 5 Os, p 127 - as 75)
78) ettis, 10 Cae, p 128 - as 75)
V
79) valas, 20 Ro, p 133 - wave
Bel вал, Bul вал, Lit velenas, Pol wał, Rus вал, Ukr вал
I.T1.158
80) valatis, 9 Cae, p 134 - as 79)
81) valdoaos, 8 Car, p 135 - as 79)
82) valla (=valla(s) ?), 1 Al, p 135 - as 79)
83) vallaidihi, 1 Br, p 135 - as 79)
84) vallana, 6 Ro, p 136 - as 79)
85) vallasso, 11 Al, p 136 - as 79)
86) vaššnihi 2 Cae, p 137 - your
Bel ваш , Bos vaš, Cro vaše, Cze vaše, O.Ch.Sl вашь, Rus ваш, Ser ваше, Slo vaš, Ukr ваш
87) vareti, 2 Ve, p 137 - to boil
Bel варыць, Cze vařit, Lit virti, Mac варете, Rus варить, Slv variť, Ukr варіть
I.T1.160
88) varetis, 4 Man, p 138 - as 87)
89) vasmannati, 1 Br, p 138
(1) as 86) - your
(2) gesture
Rus мание, Ukr маніє
90) vasti, 1 Bas, p 139 - to lead
Bel весці, Cze vést, O.Ch.Sl вєсти, Rus вести, Slv viesť, Ukr вести;
I.T1.162
91) vast..ihi, 23 Rud, p 140 - as 90)
92) vastihonan, 39 Ur, p 140
(1) as 90) - to lead
(2) as 44) (2) - hunt
93) verinetis, 6 Cae, p 143
(1) faith
Bel веры, Bos vjera, Bul вяра, Cro vjera, Cze víra, Mac вера, O.Ch.Sl вѣра, Pol wiara, Rus вера, Ser вера, Slo vera, Slv viera, Ukr віра;
V.T1.9
(2) as 78) this
94) verrinihi, 28 Cae, p 143 - as 93) (1)
95) vina, 5 Ar, p 144 - wine
Bel віно, Bos vino, Bul вино, Cro vino, Cze víno , Lit vynas, Mac вино, O.Ch.Sl вино, Pol wino, Rus вино, Ser вино, Slo vino, Slv víno, Ukr вино;
V.T1.84, I.T1.167
96) vinana, 1 Vi, p 145 - as 95)
97) vinas, 35 Ur, p 146 - as 95)
98) vistina, 42 Lup, p 146 - as 90)
Z
99) zairikihi, 4 Ol, p 150 - hot
Rus жаркий, Ser јарки, Ukr жаркий
100) zaras, 12 Bal, p 151 - heat
Bel жар, Rus жар, Ukr жар
101) zarisθes, 18 Cae, p 152 - as 100)
102) zarres, 4 Br, p 152 - as 100)
103) zarr[es ?, 4 Br, p152 - as 100)
104) zatetθ[ihi], 3 Car, p 153
(1) to reap
Bos žeti, Cro žeti, O.Ch.Sl жѧти, Rus жатъ, Ser жети, Slo žeti, Slv žať
(2) as 78) this
105) zenaides, 14 Lup, p 153 – wife
Bel жона, Bos žena, Bul жена, Cro žena, Cze žena, Mac жена, O.Ch.Sl жена, Pol żona, Rus жена, Ser жена, Slo žena, Ukr жінка
106) zivena (?), 5 Vi, p 154 - alive
Bel жывы, Bos živ, Bul живи, Cro živ, Cze živý, Lit gyvas, Mac живи, O.Ch.Sl живъ, Pol żywy, Rus живой, Ser жив, Slo živ, Slv živého, Ukr живий
107) ziletes (=ziletis ?), 43 Lup, p 154 - vein
Bel жыла, Bul жила, Cro žila, Cze žíla, Pol żyła, Rus жила, Slo žila, Slv žily
H
108) haivahias, 3 Car, p 159 - apple tree
Bel айва, Rus айва, Ukr айва
109) haivaψias, 12 Bal, p 159 - as 108)
110) haividihi, 49 Lup, p 160 - as 108)
111) hamahiaštes, 4 Br, p 161
(1) boor
Bel хам, Bul хам, Pol cham, Rus хам, Ser хама, Ukr хам
(2) to eat
Bel есці, Bos jesti, Cro jesti, Cze jíst, O.Ch.Sl ꙗсти, Pol jeść, Rus есть, Ser јести, Slo jesti, Slv jesť, Ukr їсти
112) hast[o]rres (= hašt[o]rres), 3 Car, p 162 - as 111) (2)
θ
113) θaidikihi, 4 Car, p 169 - to conceal
Bel таіць, Pol taić, Rus таить, Ukr таїти
114) θeniana, 4 Ruv, p 173 - shadow
Bel цень, O.Ch.Sl тѣнь, Rus тень, Ser тень, Slv tieň, Ukr тінь
115) θobara (=θabara), 22 Rud, p 178 - merchandise
Bel тавар, Rus товар, Ukr товар
I
116) iddi, 38 Cae, p185 - 1st pers. sing. imperative of to go
Bel ідзі, Bos idi, Bul иди, Cro idi, Cze jdi, Mac оди, Rus иди, Ser иди, Slo iti, Ukr йди
V.T1.39, I.T1.57
117) idi, 9 Bal, p 185 - as 116)
118) ]idde, 15 Ve, p 192 - as 116)
119) ]ides, 38 Cae, p 192 - as 116)
K
120) kabahas, 39 Lup, p 197 - tavern
Rus кабак, Ukr кабак
121) kazareihi, 1 Bas, p 198 - barn
Bel казар, Rus казар, Ukr казар
I.T1.26
122) kailomaidihi, 32 Cae, p 198
(1) pickaxe
Bel кайло, Rus кайло, Ukr кайло
(2) my
Bel мой, Bos moj, Bul мой, Cro moj, Cze můj, Mac mој, O.Ch.Sl мои, Pol mój, Rus мой, Ser мој, Slo moj, Slv môj, Ukr мі
I.T1.83
123) kailomanahiahi, 40 Al, p 199
(1) as 122) (1) - pickaxe
(2) as 89) (2) - gesture
124) kamanna{i}ψihi, 26 Bas, p 200 - stone
Bel камень, Bos kamen, Bul каменни, Cro kamen, Cze kámen, Mac камен, O.Ch.Sl камєнє, Pol kamień, Rus камень, Ser камен, Slo kamen, Slv kameň, Ukr камінь
V.T1.19, I.T1.21
125) karmatθoa, 32 Ur, p 201 - pocket
Rus карман
126) kezareihei, 1 Di, p 202 - as 121)
127) keilaias, 2 Me, p 203 - as 122) (1)
128) keošeteos, 48 Al, p 204 - bone
Bel косць, Bos kost, Bul кост, Cro kost, Cze kost, O.Ch.Sl кость, Rus кость, Ser кост, Slo kost, Slv kosť, Ukr кість
129) kilahiaihi, 5 Cae, p 205 - hernia
Bel кіла, Bos quila, Bul кила, Cro kila, Cze kýla, Rus кила, Ser киле
130) klaidihi, 8 Bal, p 205
(1) as 129) - hernia
(2) as 116) - 1st pers. sing. imperative of to go
131) koileih[i?], 3 Rud, p 209 - as 122) (1)
132) koletos, 33 Lup, p 210 - ring
Bel кольца, Rus кольцо, Ukr кільце
133) konbazetaos, 24 Al, p 210
(1) horse
Bel конь, Bos konj, Bul кон, Cro konj, Cze kůň, Mac коњ, O.Ch.Sl конь, Pol koń, Rus конь, Ser коњ, Slo konj, Slv kôň, Ukr кінь
V.T1.22, V.T1.40
(2) without
Bel без, Bos bez, Bul без, Cro bez, Cze bez, Lit be, Mac без, Pol bez, Rus без, Ser без, Slo brez, Slv bez, Ukr без
V.T1.6; I.T1.6.
134) konkolastis, 3 Gn, p 210
(1) as 133) (1) - horse
(2) as 132) - ring
135) korahiaihi, 9 Rud, p 211 - root
Bel корань, Bos korijen, Bul корен, Cro korijen, Cze kořen, Mac корен, O.Ch.Sl корєнь, Pol korzeń, Rus корень, Ser корен, Slo koren, Slv koreň, Ukr корінь;
V.T1.20, I.T127
136) kordomaos, 20 Al, p 211
(1) as 135) root
(2) home
Bel дом, Bos dom, Bul дом, Cro dom, Cze dům, Mac дом, O.Ch.Sl домъ, Pol dom, Rus дом, Ser дом, Slo dom, Ukr дім
I.T1.39
137) kor<<θ>>ihi, 1 Lup, p 212 - to reproach
Bel карыць, Rus корить
138) kornas, 25 Lup, p 212 - as 135)
139) korrihi, 36 Al, p 212 - as 135)
140) kraθeheihi, 1 Bas, p 214 – brief
Bos kratak, Bul кратък, Cro kratak, Cze krátký, Mac краток, O.Ch.Sl кратъкъ, Pol krótki, Rus краткий, Ser кратак, Slo kratek, Slv krátky
141) kretaaihi, 1 Lup, p 215 - as 140)
142) kroθihiaih{aih}i, 37 Al, p 216 short
Bel кароткі, Bos kratak, Bul кратък, Cro kratak, Cze krátký, Mac краток, O.Ch.Sl
кратъкъ, Pol krótki, Rus короткий, Ser кратак, Slo kratek, Slv krátky, Ukr короткий
143) kuloi, 2 Ruv, p 217 - sack
Rus кулъ
L
144) ladihi, 33 Rud, p 218 - harmony, order
Rus лад, Ukr лад
145) laziova, 6 Man, p219 - hole
Bel лаз, Rus лаз, Ukr лаз
I.T167
146) lahika, 14 Rud, p 219 - hunting dog
Rus лайка, Ukr лайка
I.T1.63
147) laparedonas, 9 Al, p 221
(1) paw
Bel лапа, Bul лапа, Cze tlapka, Pol łapa, Rus лапа, Ser лапа, Slv labka, Ukr лапа
(2) glad
Bel рады, Bos rado, Cze rád, Pol rad, Rus рад, Slv rád, Ukr радий
V.T1.62
148) leonaihi, 17 Rud, p 222 - womb
Bel лона, Cze lůno, O.Ch.Sl лоно, Pol łono, Rus лоно, Slv lono, Ukr лоно
I.T1.73
149) libohiahi, 38 Al, p 224 - bast
O.Ch.Sl лоубъ, Rus луб, Ukr луб
150) libosθihi, 49 Al, p 224
(1) as 149) - bast
(2) net
Cze čistý, O.Ch.Sl сеть, Rus сеть
151) lomiaihi, 25 Al, p 226 - metal pointed rod
Bel ломы, Pol łomy, Rus ломы, Ukr ломи
152) lopeθes, 36 Ur, p 226 - shovel
Bel лапата, Bos lopata, Bul лопата, Cro lopata, Cze lopata, Mac лопата, Pol łopata, Rus лопата, Ser лопата, Slo lopata, Slv lopata, Ukr лопата
M
153) malaganegas, 46 Lup, p 233
(1) small
Bel малы, Bos mala, Cro mali, Cze malý, Mac мали, O.Ch.Sl малъ, Pol mały, Rus малый, Ser мали, Slv malý, Ukr малий
V.T1.47, I.T1.77
(2) messenger
Bel гонец, Rus гонец, Ukr гінець
154) megones, 23 Ro, p 235
(1) as 122) (2) my
(2) as 153) (2) - messenger
155) mēgonis, 4 Cae, p 236
(1) as 122) (21) - my
(2) as 153) (2) - messenger
156) mernihi, 11 Lup, p 236 - measured
Bel мерны, Bos mereno, Cro mjereno, Cze měřeno, Mac мери, Rus мерный, Ser мерено, Slo merjeno, Slv merané, Ukr мірний
157) millanoas, 50 Lup, p 237
(1) dear
Bel мілы, Lit mieli, O.Ch.Sl милъ, Rus милый, Ukr милий
I.T1.82
(2) our
Bel наш, Bos naš, Bul наш, Cro naš, Cze náš, Mac наш, O.Ch.Sl нашь, Pol nasz, Rus наш, Ser наш, Slo naš, Slv náš, Ukr наш
158) mimeteos, 15 Cae, p 237 - beside
Bel міма, O.Ch.Sl мимо, Rus мимо, Ukr мимо
159) mirgetaos, 23 Al, p 238
(1) peace
Bel мір, Bos mir, Bul мир, Cro mir, Cze mír, Mac мир, O.Ch.Sl мiръ, Rus мир, Ser мир, Slo mir, Slv mier, Ukr мир
(2) to harvest
Bos žeti, Cro žeti, O.Ch.Sl жѧти, Pol żąć, Rus жать, Ser жети, Slo žeti, Slv žať, Ukr
V.T1.33
160) mogilles, 25 Gn, p 240 - grave
Bel магіла, Pol mogiła, Rus могила, Ser Ukr могила
161) moldahiaihi, 14 Cae, p 240 – joung
Bel малады, Bos mlad, Bul млад, Cro mlada, Cze mladý, Mac млад, O.Ch.Sl младъ, Pol młody, Rus молодой, Ser млад, Slo mlad, Slv mladý, Ukr молодий
162) moldahias, 1 Al, p 241 - as 161)
163) moldatθehiai, 24 Cae, p 241 - as 161)
164) molohiaihi, 7 Bal, p 241 - as 161)
165) morθana, 11 Cae, p 242 - snout
Bel морда, Pol morda, Rus морда, Ukr морда
166) mor[k]ehiaiih[?, 30 Rud, p 243 - carrot
Bel морква, Bos mrkva, Bul морков, Cro mrkva, Cze mrkev, Lit morkų, Mac морков, O.Ch.Sl мръкы, Pol marchew, Rus морковь, Ser мрква, Slv mrkva, Ukr морква
167) morkes, 7 Cae, p 243 - as 166)
168) morkohias, 1 Gn , p 244 - as 166)
169) morkos, 4 Gn, p 245 - as 166)
N
170) nekassihi, 16 Cae, p 250 - ugly
Rus неказистый
171) nosetis, 3 Lup, p 253 - to wear
Bel насіць, Bos nositi, Bul носят, Cro nositi, Cze nosit, Lit nešioti, Mac носат, O.Ch.Sl , Pol nosić, Rus носить, Ser носити, Slo nositi, Slv nosiť, Ukr носити
Š
172) šaillonas, 16 Rud, p 256 – crazy
Bel шалёны, Cze šílený, Pol szalony, Rus шальной, Slo šialený, Slv šialený, Ukr шалений
173) šaillonna, 25 Al, p 256 - as 172)
174) šarnaiaih[i], 1 Hy, p 256 - wooly
Bel шэрны, Rus шерный, Ukr шерний
175) šernaihi, 20 Cae, p 257 - as 174)
176) š[.?]<<θ>>ollihi, 1 Ne, p 258 - table
Bel стол, Bos sto, Cro stol, Cze stůl, Lit stalo, Pol stół, Rus стол, Ser сто, Slv stôl, Ukr стіл
177) šoborihi, 43 Ur, p 259 - assembly, meeting
Bel сабор, O.Ch.Sl соборъ, Rus собор, Ukr собор
178) šonedonas, 1 Bas, p 259 dream
Bel сон, Bos san, Cro san, Cze sen, Mac сон, O.Ch.Sl сънъ, Pol sen, Rus сон, Ser сан, Slv sen, Ukr сон
179) šonetθihi, 1 Bas, p 259
(1) as 178) dream
I.T1.139
(2) as 78) this
O
180) olkahanθihi, 51 Al, p 261 - alder
Bul елша, Cze olše, Lit alksnis, Pol olcha, Rus ольха, Ser јоха, Slv olše
I.T1.96
181) opakas, 3 Can, p 262 - guardianship
Bel апека, Pol opieka, Rus опека, Ukr опіка
182) orranas, 3 Car, p 262
(1) scream
Rus ор
(2) as 157) (2) our
183) oššo, 36 Rud, p 262 - wasp
Bos osa, Bul оса, Cro osa, Cze vosa, Mac оса, O.Ch.Sl оса, Pol osa, Rus оса, Ser оса, Slo osa, Slv osa, Ukr оса
184) oššo[vas ?], 5 Bas, p 263 as 183)
185) otθes, 17 Bal, p 264 - father
Bos otac, Cro otac, Cze otec, O.Ch.Sl отьць, Pol ojciec, Rus отец, Ser отац, Slv otec, Ukr отець
186) otor, 2 Car, p 264 - flock
Bel атара, Rus отара, Ukr отара
187) otorana, 16 Gn, p 264 - as 186)
188) [---]oššes, 4 Uz, p 269 - as 183)
189) [---]otorišihi, 5 Cav, p270 - as 186)
P
190) paletao[s], 1 Ve, p 272 - finger
191) Bel палец, O.Ch.Sl пальць, Pol palec, Rus палец, Ukr палець
192) pasetθih[i], 5 Cae, p 273 - to graze
Bul пасат, Mac пасат, O.Ch.Sl пасть, Rus пасти, Ser пасати, Slo paseti, Ukr пасти
193) penkaheh[e], 13 Gn, p 274 - hemp
Bel пянька, Rus пенька, Ukr пенька
194) penkeos, 1 Sa, p 274 - as 193)
195) pinaios, 10 Ar, p 276 - foam
Bel пена, Bos pjena, Bul пяна, Cro pjena, Cze pěna, Mac пена, Pol piana, Rus пена, Ser пена, Slo pena, Slv pena, Ukr піна
196) pl(atur), 7 Ruv, p 277 - pay
Bel плата, Bos plata, Cro plata, Cze plat, Mac плата, Rus плата, Ser плата, Ukr плата
I.T1.110
197) pla(tor), 30 Lup, p 277 - as 196)
198) platan[, 24 Ur, p 278 - as 196)
199) [pl]atoor[r]ih[, 16 Al, p 279 - as 196)
200) plator, 17 Ro, p 279 - as 196)
201) platorrihi, 7 Gn, p 280 - as 196)
202) platur, 6 Ruv, p 281 - as 196)
203) polaidehias, 1 So, p 281
(1) sex
Bel пол, Bul пол, Cze pohlaví, Pol płeć, Rus пол, Ser пол, Slv pohlavie
(2) as 6) - let’s go
204) poldanovas, 34 Al, p 282
(1) as 203) (1) - sex
(2) as 71) (2) - new
205) po< >onnihi, 20 Gn, p 282
(1) as 203) (1) - sex
(2) as 44) (2) - hunt
206) polla, 20 Ve, p 282 - as 203) (1)
207) polla[hia]ihi, 27 Al, p 283 - as 203) (1)
208) pollihi, 30 Cae, p 283 - as 203) (1)
209) poollo, 31 Al, p 284 - as 203) (1)
210) porvaides, 10 Gn, p 285 - to tear
Bel парваць, Rus порвать, Ukr порвати
211) prašiaidas, 24 Bal, p 286 - sling
Bel прашча, Bos praćka, Bul прашка, Cro praćka, Mac прашка, O.Ch.Sl прашта, Pol proca, Rus праща, Slo pračo, Ukr праща
R
212) rania, 6 Ro, p 289 - wound
Bel рана, Bos rana, Bul рана, Cro rana, Cze rána, Mac рана, O.Ch.Sl рана, Pol rana, Rus рана, Ser рана, Slo rana, Slv rana, Ukr рана
213) reššorišoa, 1 Bas, p 290 - to quarrel
Rus рассориться
S
214) saihikas, 3 Gn, p 296 - oblong or round wheat loaf
Bel сайка, Rus сайка, Ukr сайка
215) sallih[i], 15 Al, p 296 - salt
Bel соль, Bos sol, Bul сол, Cro sol, Cze sůl, Mac сол, O.Ch.Sl соль, Pol sól, Rus соль, Ser соли, Slo sol, Slv soľ, Ukr сіль
V.T1.71, I.T1.118, I.T1.138
216) senna, 22 Me, p 299 - hay
Bel сена, Bos seno, Bul сено, Cro sijeno, Cze seno, Lit šieno, Mac сено, O.Ch.Sl сѣно, Pol siano, Rus сено, Ser сено, Slo sena, Slv seno, Ukr сіно
217) sv/eirgohiaihi, 20 Bal, p 300 - Svarog: Slavic god equated with Hephaestus
Bel Сварог, Bos Svarog, Bul Сварог, Cro Svarog, Cze Svarog, Lit Svarog, Mac Сварог, O.Ch.Sl Сваро́гъ, Pol Swaróg, Rus Сварог, Ser Сварог, Slo Svarog, Slv Svarog, Ukr Сварог
218) siillonas, 2 Rud, p 300
(1) force
Bel сіла, Bos sila, Bul сила, Cro sila, Cze síla, Mac сила, O.Ch.Sl сила, Pol siła, Rus сила, Ser сила, Slo sila, Slv sila, Ukr сила
V.T1.70, I.T1.133
(1a) village
Bel сяло, Bos selo, Bul село, Cro selo,Mac село, O.Ch.Sl село, Pol sioło, Rus село, Ser село, Slo село, Ukr село
I.T1.128
(2) as 157) (2) our
219) sketθes, 7 Ro, p 302 - livestock
Bel скаціна, O.Ch.Sl скотъ, Rus скот, Ukr скотина
220) solahiaihi, 3 Os, p 302 - as 215
221) soolles, 37 Lup, p 303 - as 215
222) spaθillai, 18 Cae, p 304 - to sleep
Bel спаць, Cze spát, O.Ch.Sl съпати, Pol spać, Rus спать, Slo spati, Ukr спати
223) spallainne[s], 10 Bas, p 304 - slept
Bel спал, Bul спал, Cze spal, O.Ch.Sl спал, Pol spał, Rus спал, Slo spala, Slv spal, Ukr спала
224) stahan, 32 Ur, p 307 - glass, cup
Bel стакан, Bos stakan, Bul стакан, O.Ch.Sl стакан, Rus стакан, Ser стакан, Slo stakan, Ukr стакан
T
225) taoteθθes, 8 Ro, p 324
(1) that
Bos to, Cro to, Cze to, Lit tai, Mac тоа, Pol to, Rus та, Ser то, Slo to, Ukr та
(2) as 185) - father
226) torehes, 4 Br, p 332 - end
Bel тарэц, Rus торец, Ukr торець
227) trigonošoa, 1 Bas, p 333
(1) market, bargain
Bel торг, O.Ch.Sl торгъ, Pol targ, Rus торг, Ukr торг
V.T1.77, I.T1.149 (1), I.T1.149 (2)
(2) as 157) (2) - our
Ѱ
= = =
Ų
= = =
Ψ
= = =
↑
= = =

Table 2

Language conventions

Bel Belarusian, Bos Bosnian, Bul Bulgarian, Cro Croatian, Cze Czech, Lit Lithuanian, Mac Macedonian, O.Ch.Sl Old Church Slavonic, Pol Polish, Rus Russian, Ser Serbian, Slo Slovenian, Slv Slovak, Ukr Ukrainian

3. Discussion

The Slavic root for each M pers. a. was identified by comparing it with corresponding lexemes in the present surviving Slavic languages (Table 2), this because ancient Slavic documents are rare (Ambrozic & Tomezzoli, 2003; Ambrozic, 2005; Ambrozic et al., 2006; Pellergini & Prosdocimi, 1967; Pigozzo Bernardi, 2020; Šavli et al., 1996; Serafimov, 2006; Serafimov, 2007a; Serafimov, 2007b; Serafimov & Tomezzoli, 2009; Serafimov & Tomezzoli, 2012; Tomažič & Tomezzoli, 2003; Tomezzoli, 2001; Tomezzoli & Čudinov, 2002; Tomezzoli, Serafimov, & Vodopivec, 2009; Tomezzoli & Serafimov, 2013; Vodopivec, 2008; Vodopivec, 2009a; Vodopivec, 2009b) and normally contain few lexemes, insufficient for meaningful comparisons with Table 1 M a.

3.1. Initial Considerations

Similarly to what already observed in considering the V pers. a. (Stein & Tomezzoli, 2020) and the I pers. a. (Tomezzoli & Stein, 2021) , the following is observed.

The concept of nature is present in:

T1.10 white; T1.14, T1.15, T1.16, T1.17, T1.18 swamp; T1.19 bean; T1.20 God; T1.23 pine forest; T1.25, T1.26, T1.27 mountain; T1.30 bunch; T1.79, T1.80, T1.81, T1.82, T1.83, T1.84, T1.85 wave; T1.108, T1.109, T1.110 apple tree; T1.124 stone; T1.133(1), T1.134(1) horse; T1.135, T1.136(1), T1.138, T1.139 root; T1.146 hunting dog; T1.147(1) paw; T1.159(2) harvest; T1.166, T1.167, T1.168, T1.169 carrot; T1.180 alder; T1.183, T1.184, T1.188 wasp; T1.186, T1.187, T1.189 flock; T1.192 to graze; T1.193, T1.194 hemp; T1.215, T1.220, T1.221 salt; T1.216 hay; T1.217 Svarog.

The concept of person is present in:

T1.6, T1.203(2) let’s go; T1.7 yeah; T1.13 to run; T1.21, T1.22 pain; T1.28, T1.29 dream; T1.31, T1.32, T1.34, T1.40, T1.42, T1.43, T1.44(1), T1.45(1), T1.46(1), T1.47, T1.53, T1.54(1), T1.60, T1.63, T1.67 1st pers. sing. imperative of to give; T1.33, T1.48, T1.48, T1.49, T1.50, T1.51, T1.52, T1.55, T1.56, T1.57, T1.58, T1.59, T1.74 1st pers. plur. imperative of to give; T1.61, T1.62, T1.64, T1.65, T1.66 will give; T1.68, T1.69, T1.70, T1.71(1) virgin; T1.73 shiver; T1.75, T1.76, T1.77, T1.78, T1.93(2), T1.104(2), T1.179(2) this; T1.86, T1.89(1) your; T1.89(2), T1.123(2) gesture; T1.90, T1.91, T1.92(1), T1.98 to lead; T1.106 alive; T1.107 vein; T1.111(2), T1.112 to eat; T1.114 shadow; T1.116, T1.117, T1.118, T1.119, T1.130(2) 1st pers. sing. imperative of to go; T1.153(1) small; T1.128 bone; T1.129, T1.130(1) hernia; T1.137 to reproach; T1.148 womb; T1.122(2), T1.154(1), T1.155(1) my; T1.157(1) dear; T1.159(1) peace; T1.161, T1.162, T1.163, T1.164 joung; T1.165 snout; T1.170 ugly; T1.177 assembly, meeting; T1.178, T1.179(1) dream; T1.182(1) scream; T1.157(2), T1.182(2), T1.218(2), T1.227(2) our; T1.190 finger; T1.203(1), T1.204(1), 205(1), T1.206, T1.207, T1.208, T1.209 sex; T1.212 wound; T1.213 to quarrel; T1.218(1) force; T1.222 to sleep; T1.223 slept; T1.225(1) that.

The concept of personality is present in:

T1.1, T1.2, T1.3, T1.4, T1.5 to reveal; T1.93(1), T1.94, T1.96, T1.97 faith; T1.111 boor T1.147(2), 178(2), T1.179(1) glad; T1.172, T1.173 crazy.

The concept of profession is present in:

T1.8, T1.9 gem, precious stone; T1.11, T1.12 sorcerer; T1.24 efemere; T1.35 ten; T1.44(2), T1.45(2), T1.46(2), T1.54(2), T1.92(2), T1.94(2), T1.205(2) hunt; T1.71(2), T1.204(2) new; T1.87, T1.88 to boil, T1.95, T1.96, T1.97 wine; T1.99 hot; T1.100, T1.101, T1.102, T1.103 heat; T1.104(1) to reap, T1.113 to conceal, T1.115 merchandise; T1.120 tavern; T1.121, T1.126 barn; T1.122(1), T1.123(1), T1.127, T1.131 pickaxe; T1.125 pocket; T1.132, T1.134(2) ring; 133(2) without; T1.140, T1.141 brief; T1.142 short; T1.143 sack; T1.144 harmony, order; T1.145 hole; T1.149, T1.150(1) bast; T1.150(2) net; T1.151 metal pointed rod; T1.152 shovel; T1.153(2), T1.154(2), T1.155(2) messenger; T1.156 measured; T1.158 beside; T1.160 grave; T1.171 to wear; T1.174, T1.175 wooly; T1.176 table; T1.181 guardianship; T1.195 foam; T1.196, T1.197, T1.198, T1.199, T1.200, T1.201, T1.202 pay; T1.210 to tear; T1.211 sling; T1.214 oblong or round wheat loaf; T1.219 livestock; T1.224 glass, cup; T1.226 end; T1.227(1) market, bargain.

3.2. Intermediate Considerations

Similarly to what already observed in considering the V pers. a. (Stein & Tomezzoli, 2020) and the I pers. a. (Tomezzoli & Stein, 2021) , the following is observed.

T1.16 swamp, T1.70 virgin, T1.84 wave, T1.96 wine, T1.114 shadow, T1.165 snout, T1.187 flock preserve the suffix -na present in today’s Slavic pers. a. like: Dragana, Stana and Svetlana.

In addition, in two roots M pers. a., the roots precise each other. Some of two roots M pers. a. still preserve a comprehensible meaning: T1.44 to give hunt, T1.71 new virgin, T1.89 your gesture, T1.92 to lead hunt, T1.93 this faith, T1.104 to reap this, T1.122 my pickaxe, T1.133 without horse, T1.134 horse ring, T1.136 root home, T1.150 bast net, T1. 153 small messenger, T1.154 - T1.155 my messenger, T1.157 our dear, T1.179 this dream, T1.182 our scream, T1.203 sex let’s go, T1.218 our force - our village, T1.225 that father. Some other two roots M pers. a. preserve a meaning no longer comprehensible: T1.123 pickaxe gesture, T1.130 hernia to go, T1.147 paw glad, T1.159 peace to harvest, T1.204 new sex, T1.205 sex hunt.

3.3. Final Considerations

In said publication (De Simone & Marchesini, 2002) , the M pers. a. total is 429 which represents a good sample for a statistical consideration. Table 1 M pers. a. having Slavic roots are 227 which represent 52.91% of said total. Table 1 V pers. a. in the previous publication (Stein & Tomezzoli, 2020) having Slavic roots is roughly 24% and Table 1 I pers. a. in the other previous publication (Tomezzoli & Stein, 2021) having Slavic roots is roughly 46%. This permits to estimate that in the period from the VI to the I cen. BC, roughly 53% of the M population, 46% of the I population and 24% of the V population had Slavic ascendancies. This permits to reply to the above question in saying that ancient M, I and V were related through their Slavic ascendancies.

4. Conclusion

Said 53% of the M population, 46% of I population and 24% of V population having Slavic ascendancies, in the period from the period from VI to the I cen. BC, highlight that Slavs were already present in Europe well before the VII cen. AD, the date, according to the generally accepted theory, of the Slav’s late arrival in Europe (Britannica, 2022) . The logical consequence is that this theory is wrong and should be rejected.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

References

1. Ambrozic, A. (2005). The “Warrior” Stele from Lemnos. In Origin of the Slovenes. Proceedings of the Third International Topical Conference Ancient Settler of Europe (pp. 107-120). Zaloznistvo Jutro.

2. Ambrozic, A., & Tomezzoli, G. (2003). The “Tavola da Este” Inscription. In Origin of the Slovenes. Proceedings of the International Workshop Traces of European Past (pp. 132-146). Zaloznistvo Jutro.

3. Ambrozic, A., Serafimov, P., & Tomezzoli, G. (2006). The Venetic Inscription ES 120 on the Cup of “Scolo di Lozzo”. In Origin of the Slovenes. Proceedings of the Fourth International Topical Conference Ancient Inhabitants of Europe (pp. 166-173). Zaloznistvo Jutro.

4. Britannica (2022). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Slav

5. De Simone, C., & Marchesini, S. (2002) Monumenta Linguae Messapicae (Vol. 1-2). Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.

6. Glosbe (2022). Wörterbuch Kirchenslawisch-Englisch. https://glosbe.com/cu/en

7. Google (2022). Google Traduttore. https://translate.google.com

8. Kovalev, V. (1999). Russo Русский. Zanichelli editore S.p.A.

9. Krahe, H. (1929). Lexikon Altillyrischer Personennamen. Indogermanische Bibliothek.

10. Pellergini, G. B., & Prosdocimi, A. L. (1967). La lingua Venetica (2 volumi). Istituto Glottologia Università di Padova.

11. Pigozzo Bernardi, G. (2020). Alle origini della civiltà veneta. Dalla lingua antica ai dialetti veneto-friulani. Piazza Editore.

12. Savli, J., Bor, M., & Tomazic, I. (1996). Veneti. First Builders of European Community. Editiones Veneti.

13. Serafimov, P. (2006). The Sitovo Inscription. In Origin of the Slovenes. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Topical Conference Ancient Inhabitants of Europe (pp. 198-204). Zaloznistvo Jutro.

14. Serafimov, P. (2007a). Steinberg Inscription. In Origin of the Slovenes. Proceedings of the Fourth International Topical Conference Ancient Inhabitants of Europe (pp. 174-182). Zaloznistvo Jutro.

15. Serafimov, P. (2007b). Translation of the Eteocretan EPIOI Inscription. In Origin of the Slovenes. Proceedings of the Fifth International Topical Conference Origin of Europeans (pp. 176-183). Zaloznistvo Jutro.

16. Serafimov, P., & Tomezzoli, G. (2009). The Inscription from Tell El-Dab’a. In Origin of the Slovenes. Proceedings of the Seventh International Topical Conference Origin of Europeans (pp. 89-96). Zaloznistvo Jutro.

17. Serafimov, P., & Tomezzoli, G. (2012). New Reading of the Linear a Inscription on the Golden Pin CR-ZF-1 from Crete. In Origin of the Slovenes. Proceedings of the Tenth International Topical Conference Origin of Europeans (pp. 83-90). Zaloznistvo Jutro.

18. Stein, R. S., & Tomezzoli, G. T. (2020). Venetic Personal Anthroponyms. Archaeological Discovery, 8, 135-146. https://doi.org/10.4236/ad.2020.82008

19. Tomazic, I., & Tomezzoli, G. (2003). The Inscription Pauli No. 39. In Origin of the Slovenes. Proceedings of the International workshop Traces of European Past (pp. 147-157). Zaloznistvo Jutro.

20. Tomezzoli, G. (2001). About Two Magre-Rhaetic Inscriptions in the Civic Natural History Museum in Verona. In Origin of the Slovenes. Proceedings of the First International Topical Conference the Veneti within the Ethnogenesys of the Central-European Population (pp. 182-187). Zaloznistvo Jutro.

21. Tomezzoli, G. T., & Stein, R. S. (2021). Illyrian Personal Anthroponyms. Archaeological Discovery, 9, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.4236/ad.2021.91001

22. Tomezzoli, G., & Cudinov, V. A. (2002). The “Spada di Verona”. In Origin of the Slovenes. Proceedings of the Conference Ancient Settlers of Central Europe (pp. 65-73). Zaloznistvo Jutro.

23. Tomezzoli, G., & Serafimov, P. (2013). The Linear-A Inscriptions II.1, II.2 from the Palace of Knossos. In Origin of the Slovenes. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Topical Conference Origin of Europeans (pp. 105-114). Zaloznistvo Jutro.

24. Tomezzoli, G., Serafimov, P., & Vodopivec, V. (2009). Two Noricum Inscriptions. In Origin of the Slovenes. Proceedings of the Seventh International Topical Conference Origin of Europeans (pp. 119-127). Zaloznistvo Jutro.

25. Vodopivec, V. (2008). Retijski Napis Pustertal. In Origin of the Slovenes. Proceedings of the Sixth International Topical Conference Origin of Europeans (pp. 137-141). Zaloznistvo Jutro.

26. Vodopivec, V. (2009a). Napisi na Ptujskih Olienkah. In Origin of the Slovenes. Proceedings of the Seventh International Topical Conference Origin of Europeans (pp. 141-147). Zaloznistvo Jutro.

27. Vodopivec, V. (2009b). Najdaljsi Venetski Napis. In Origin of the Slovenes. Proceedings of the Seventh International Topical Conference Origin of Europeans (pp. 97-118). Zaloznistvo Jutro.